Speech Amyotrophic Lateral Disease Is A Chronic And...

This research paper is being written to address Amyotrophic lateral disease (ALS), which is a chronic and terminal disease that affects the lower and upper motor neurons (Srivastava, 2014). ALS is usually fatal within a few years of inception and affects 2-5 per 100,000 people annually worldwide (Donnelly, Grima, Sattler, 2014). This disease usually affects the patient physically and emotionally and as well as their support system. As of this year, no cure has been developed for this disease. The only drug that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) thus far, is a drug that goes by the name Riluzole (Srivastava, 2014). Although Riluzoles is not a cure, it has been effective of lengthening the patients’ life without successful improving the quality of their lives (Srivastava, 2014). While the cause of this disease is unknown, several researchers and clinical drug trails has been conducted, and researchers has determined that this disease is a candidate fo r stem cells therapy (Srivastava, 2014). This research paper goes in great detail in explaining the pathophysiology, assessments findings (both objectives and subjective), and the type of treatments that is being used to slow down this disease. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis In The United States In this decade, there have been several fatal diseases that have affected many Americans in the United States. Some of these diseases are easily curable, and others are terminal with no currentShow MoreRelatedEssay about Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis2209 Words   |  9 PagesAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ABSTRACT At this time, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS) is a very confusing and elusive disorder. While the clinical presentation and diagnosis of ALS dates back to the early 1900’s, with Charcot being the first to scientifically report and document his findings, there simply has not been definitive evidence since that time for the etiology for ALS. This fundamental problem has befuddled the most qualified researchers and its ensuing answer has eluded theRead MoreUses of Hypnotherapy to Treat a Medical Condition1997 Words   |  8 Pagestreat a medical condition Introduction The purpose of this essay is to describe and explain the uses of hypnotherapy in the treatment of a medical condition. For this essay I have chosen to look at a chronic life limiting illness called Motor Neurone Disease. This is a disease that can affect many different aspects of a person’s life and is very aggressive in its symptoms. I have met quite a few people with this condition whilst working in the Neurophysiology department at the QMC, where all the

Ronald Reagan´s Legacy Influential or Not Essay examples

Ronald Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 in Tampico Illinois. Reagan is the son of salesman Jack Reagan and Nelle Reagan. He had one brother named Neil who eventually became an advertising executive. Growing up, Reagan’s father gave him the nickname â€Å"Dutch Boy† because of his fat little Dutchman appearance. Reagan attended Eureka College in Eureka Illinois where he was a member of the football team, captain of the swim team and was elected student body president. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Economics and Sociology. After graduation Reagan moved to Iowa and earned a job as a radio broadcaster. In 1937 he left Iowa and moved to Los Angeles where he pursued an acting career. 3 years later he married his first wife Jane†¦show more content†¦On January 20, 1981, he took office as the 40th President of the United States of America. He chose his running mate, who was a former Texas Congressman and United Nations Ambassador, George Bush as hi s Vice President. 69 days later there was an attempted assassination but Reagan did not let that stop them. He was determined to heal and get back into office as quickly as possible. His determination won over many of the citizens. While Reagan was President, the economy made a change for the better. In February of 1981, he made his first proposal to the Congress to lower the taxes and rise the spending on defensive needs. The federal income tax rates were lowered significantly with the signing of the bipartisan Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981. The percentage of unemployment compared to when Carter was President decreased from 7.5% to 5.4%. On January 20, 1985, Reagan and Bush were elected back into office by the US citizens. In 1982, Reagan declared a War on Drugs. His focus was to fight for drug-free schools and workplaces, expanded drug treatment, stronger law enforcement and drug interdiction efforts, and greater public awareness. In 1986, Reagan signed a drug enforcement bill that budgeted $1.7 billion to fund the War on Drugs. The bill was strongly criticized. During his entire Presidency, Reagan had to deal with the Cold War. The Reagan Doctrine was created and Reagan went to work trying to begin the collapse of the communist government in Africa, Asia, andShow MoreRelatedRonald Reagan Is The Most Influential Man Of The United States1370 Words   |  6 Pagessince the Great Depression - inflation is at 13.5 percent, unemployment is at 9.5 percent and the federal discount rate is at 14 percent. But after 8 years, Ronald Reagan will turn the country inside out, and make the world a better place to live in. Considered the best president of his century, Ronald Reagan is the most influential man of the 1980’s because he abolished communism by ending the Cold War, developed an extremely effective and successful form of economics, called Reaganomics, and broughtRead MoreThe Great Communicator : Ronald Reagan1300 Words   |  6 Pagessince the Great Depression - inflation is at 13.5 percent, unemployment is at 9.5 percent and the federal discount rate is at 14 percent. But after 8 years, Ronald Reagan will turn the country inside out, and make the world a better place to live in. Considered the best president of his century, Ronald Reagan is the most influential man of the 1980’s because he abolished communism by ending the Cold War, developed an extremely effective and successful form of economics, called Reaganomics, and broughtRead MorePresident Ronald Reagan s Speech At The 1980 Republican National Convention862 Words   |  4 PagesOutline Anthony Cersosimo Title: Change for the Better Purpose: To inform my audience of Ronald Reagan and his speech at the 1980 Republican National Convention and how it was influential for the US at the time as well as its personal significance for me. Central Idea: Ronald Reagan’s speech at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit was one that gave a sense of unification, hope, and national pride among Americans at theRead MoreReag A Successful Presidency1557 Words   |  7 PagesSince Reagan experienced such a successful presidency, due to his conservative policies accomplishing their goals, many liberal-minded people switched their views. After the conservative success of the early and mid-eighties, the amount of people who views themselves as liberals decreased. In a 1996 poll, â€Å"only 10 percent of Democratic voters identified themselves as ‘liberals’—that is, people who want economic redistribution† (Hannaford). This fact itself showed that people who once believedRead MoreTaking a Look at Ronald Reagan1125 Words   |  5 PagesRonald Reagan Ronald Regan, even after 20 years absent of state office, still manages to captivate American patriotism. As an upheld memorabilia of the United States, Reagan was well renounced as one of the nations most revered public figures. Ronald Reagan was born and raised in the small town of Tampico, Illinois, on February 6, 1911. Given Ronald’s childhood; Reagans Father had been employed as a shoe salesman at the time of Reagans birth, and his family (which included his mother, brotherRead MoreThe Life And Career Of Ronald Reagan1686 Words   |  7 Pages The Life and Career of Ronald Reagan Colorado State University – Global Campus HST 300 Jared Faurschou Introduction Ronald Wilson Reagan, elected as the 40th President of the United States of America in 1980. Became one of the most beloved and revered President in modern times. He’s most known for bringing the end to the Cold War and helping bring an end to major communist activities in the world. There were several of Reagan’s policies that had an impact on ending the Cold War. InRead MoreGeorge Orwell s The Farmer 1844 Words   |  8 Pagesthree-legged chickens.† â€Å"Well, how do they taste?† Now when he asked this, the farmer looked chest fallen and said longingly. â€Å"I don’t know. I haven’t caught one yet.†Ã¢â‚¬  This was only one of the hilarious stories and jokes that Ronald Reagan told during his presidency alone. Ronald Reagan was the 40th president of the United States, who served from 1981 to 1989, and was one of the most widely known presidents. But his fame and popularity did not just come from his jokes, but his early life, his presidencyRead More The Controversy of Stem Cell Research Essays1410 Words   |  6 Pagescertain medical conditions. Because stem cells are so adaptable ?physicians can produce cells and tissues, tailored to a patient?s genetic identity, that can treat a wide variety of human illnesses.? (Travis). There is a large amount of diseases that can possibly be assuaged by stem cells; ?devastating diseases like Parkinson?s diabetes, heart failure, and Alzheimer?s.?(Healy). Not to mention that the ?advance toward creating ever more complex tissues might yield a lifesaving patch for a moderatelyRead MoreRonald Reag Foreign Policy2977 Words   |  12 PagesSmith APUSH Research Paper on the Presidents in the 80’s and 90’s Ronald Reagan: Foreign Policy President Reagan’s foreign policy took a sharp turn from his predecessors’ tactics of easing tensions and instead chose to escalate the cold war conflict, arguing the moral superiority of the U.S.’s governmental system and framing the Cold War as a fight between the good and free capitalist United States versus the evil communist regime. 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Psycological View of the Movie Groundhog Day Free Essays

The objective of this paper is to explain the psychological view of the movie, Groundhog Day. The main character of the film is Bill Murray and is directed by Harold Ramis and released in 1993. The movie takes place in the small town of Punxsatawney during the winter season. We will write a custom essay sample on Psycological View of the Movie Groundhog Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the movie has a very powerful message, I did not like it. Phil (Bill Murray), a weather man for an American TV station, is sent to Punxsatawney to cover a local Groundhog Day ceremony. The very skeptical weatherman regretfully accepts the assignment and travel to the town. Once he makes his report he proceeds to his hotel and goes to bed looking forward to returning home the next day. In an effort to leave the town and any memories relating to the town the weatherman is forced to stay another night due to a snowstorm. After awakening the next morning Phil realizes that it is still Groundhog Day, again and again. After living one day over and over again, Phil meets two drunken guys at a bar. These two guys enlighten Phil on the idea that living the same day over and over would give him a chance to do all the things he ever wanted to do without any consequences. After days of appalling behavior, Phil finally realizes that even those acts will not take away the terrible reality that he seems to never progress in life. He then tries to kill himself, which does not work either. A dramatic twist in the movie happens during a recurring report. The name of the groundhog (Phil), carved in wood, appeared directly about Phil’s, the weatherman, head. This scene seemed to be showing the fact that the weatherman is living a shadow of himself just as the groundhog. The shadow is a way for Phil to see himself a hopefully make a difference. These recurring events bring upon love for Phil and his anchor lady, Rita. He eventually tells her about the returning life events and they decide that she would spend the entire day with him to be an â€Å"objective witness†. They fall asleep in bed together; however, the next morning he awakens, it’s still Groundhog Day and Rita is not in bed with him. Beginning to accept the negativity of his life, Phil begins to turn his negative aspects into more positive ones. After accepting his imperfections, Phil was now able to use his imprisoned energy to find a new strength (care and compassion). He also learns that humans are privileged to be able to improve themselves. The valuable moral of this movie is the journey to awareness. Phil being aware of his imperfections allowed for him to change his behavior, thus move on into a new and more beautiful day. The chapter I think best fits this film is Chapter 10 – Personality. Personality is the complex characteristics that define a person. According to Sigmund Freud, each person has a certain amount of psychological energy that develops into three structures of personality (the id, the ego, and the superego). The id is unconscious and present at birth and come from two instinctual drives: the life instinct and the death instinct. After discovering his recurring life events, Phil decides to live life to its fullest potential by doing whatever he wanted with the aspect of never having to face any consequences. A while after realizing that his bad actions were getting him no where he decides to try and end his life with numerous attempts including jumping off a tall building. These acts were driven by the pleasure principle which is the motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort. The ego is party conscious and regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in tune with the demands of the external world. Phil finds ways to satisfy whatever desires he wanted in life. For example, he did not want to be bothered by the insurance agent so he gave the guy and uncomfortable hug to run him away. Another example of Phil’s ego is how he used his knowledge of recurring events to make Rita fall for him. The superego is also partly conscious; however, it’s the internal, parental voice that helps one decipher right from wrong. Superego is more vastly known as your conscience. Phil’s superego kicks in when he realizes that being self centered was helping him to progress in life. Superego allowed Phil to judge his own behavior and live up to his morals. Although the film posed a very good lesson, I did not like it. If I would have watch the movie for pleasure rather than for a report I probably would have turn it off in the second scene because I saw no real importance of the recurring events. Having someone awake day after day to the same thing was king of mediocre to me. I would have much rather seen a movie that posed the exact same message, yet in a different approach. How to cite Psycological View of the Movie Groundhog Day, Essay examples Psycological View of the Movie Groundhog Day Free Essays The objective of this paper is to explain the psychological view of the movie, Groundhog Day. The main character of the film is Bill Murray and is directed by Harold Ramis and released in 1993. The movie takes place in the small town of Punxsatawney during the winter season. We will write a custom essay sample on Psycological View of the Movie Groundhog Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the movie has a very powerful message, I did not like it. Phil (Bill Murray), a weather man for an American TV station, is sent to Punxsatawney to cover a local Groundhog Day ceremony. The very skeptical weatherman regretfully accepts the assignment and travel to the town. Once he makes his report he proceeds to his hotel and goes to bed looking forward to returning home the next day. In an effort to leave the town and any memories relating to the town the weatherman is forced to stay another night due to a snowstorm. After awakening the next morning Phil realizes that it is still Groundhog Day, again and again. After living one day over and over again, Phil meets two drunken guys at a bar. These two guys enlighten Phil on the idea that living the same day over and over would give him a chance to do all the things he ever wanted to do without any consequences. After days of appalling behavior, Phil finally realizes that even those acts will not take away the terrible reality that he seems to never progress in life. He then tries to kill himself, which does not work either. A dramatic twist in the movie happens during a recurring report. The name of the groundhog (Phil), carved in wood, appeared directly about Phil’s, the weatherman, head. This scene seemed to be showing the fact that the weatherman is living a shadow of himself just as the groundhog. The shadow is a way for Phil to see himself a hopefully make a difference. These recurring events bring upon love for Phil and his anchor lady, Rita. He eventually tells her about the returning life events and they decide that she would spend the entire day with him to be an â€Å"objective witness†. They fall asleep in bed together; however, the next morning he awakens, it’s still Groundhog Day and Rita is not in bed with him. Beginning to accept the negativity of his life, Phil begins to turn his negative aspects into more positive ones. After accepting his imperfections, Phil was now able to use his imprisoned energy to find a new strength (care and compassion). He also learns that humans are privileged to be able to improve themselves. The valuable moral of this movie is the journey to awareness. Phil being aware of his imperfections allowed for him to change his behavior, thus move on into a new and more beautiful day. The chapter I think best fits this film is Chapter 10 – Personality. Personality is the complex characteristics that define a person. According to Sigmund Freud, each person has a certain amount of psychological energy that develops into three structures of personality (the id, the ego, and the superego). The id is unconscious and present at birth and come from two instinctual drives: the life instinct and the death instinct. After discovering his recurring life events, Phil decides to live life to its fullest potential by doing whatever he wanted with the aspect of never having to face any consequences. A while after realizing that his bad actions were getting him no where he decides to try and end his life with numerous attempts including jumping off a tall building. These acts were driven by the pleasure principle which is the motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort. The ego is party conscious and regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in tune with the demands of the external world. Phil finds ways to satisfy whatever desires he wanted in life. For example, he did not want to be bothered by the insurance agent so he gave the guy and uncomfortable hug to run him away. Another example of Phil’s ego is how he used his knowledge of recurring events to make Rita fall for him. The superego is also partly conscious; however, it’s the internal, parental voice that helps one decipher right from wrong. Superego is more vastly known as your conscience. Phil’s superego kicks in when he realizes that being self centered was helping him to progress in life. Superego allowed Phil to judge his own behavior and live up to his morals. Although the film posed a very good lesson, I did not like it. If I would have watch the movie for pleasure rather than for a report I probably would have turn it off in the second scene because I saw no real importance of the recurring events. Having someone awake day after day to the same thing was king of mediocre to me. I would have much rather seen a movie that posed the exact same message, yet in a different approach. How to cite Psycological View of the Movie Groundhog Day, Papers

Communication and Critical Thinking

Question: Discuss About the Cleaning Surroundings of the Living Space. Answer: Introduction: Procurement planning is the core function which should be performed within the organization. At the local level, procurement planning is becoming the important part in accordance with the decentralization and increasing demand of the function(Mittal, 2012). Poor procurement planning is the major factor responsible for the failure of the project. For the advancement of the society, it is important to develop an efficient public procurement system. A procurement plan should be developed for the integration with the annual expenditure plan. The objective behind the procurement planning is identifying the need of the society, what is the scope of the goods regarding cleanliness of the society, requirement of work and services, and the strategies which should be developed in accordance with the cleanliness of the society.[1] The process of procurement can be defined as a systematic process which is used for determining needs, or gaps between current condition and desired condition require d for the improvement of the society (Roy, 2014). In this paper, we are focusing on preparing the procurement plan for the services of cleaning contractor to clean the surroundings of the living space on the regular basis. Problem Statement: The cleanliness is the major which should be raised for making the society clean and helps in developing the developed nation. The key drivers of cleanliness drives are managerial focus and clinical execution (Sharma, 2015). Scope of Work: The scope of the procurement planning is identifying the need of the society, what is the scope of the goods regarding cleanliness of the society, requirement of work and services, and the strategies which should be developed in accordance with the cleanliness of the society. The need of the procurement plan is to identify and realize the need of the cleanliness in the society (Onyango, 2014). The focus should be given on the status of the inventory, schedule of the cleanliness, work plans, operative cost, and budget. The scope of the project is to monitor activities like plantation, clean-up of the litter, and community. The responsibilities of the contractor are highlighted below: The step forward should be taken to prepare protective plans in relation with health and safety. Other society should not be adversely affected by the action taken for cleanliness Localized people should not be kept at risk Development of safe working practices Hazards or any incidence should be reported. Comparison: In our research paper we will focus on the comparison of three contractor organization which deals with cleaning activities which can be summarised below: Particulars American maintenance and supplies Inc. Andrews and company Cristi cleaning services corporation Purpose of the tender Regular cleaning activities Cleaning schedule and activity Regular cleaning facility and documentation Description of the premises covered Building and Garden Campus Garden Scheduling of the staff Working hours 9.00 am to 2.00 pm Working hours 9.00 to 5.00 pm Working hours 9.00 to 3.00 pm Task Clearing of litters Maintenance Cleaning of exposed surfaces Cleaning of litter from garden and the campus Watering of plants Plantation Cleaning and sweeping of the staircase Cleaning of garden Cleaning of waste Cleaning of lawn and staircase Number of staff 5 12 7 Cleaning equipment Dust pan Refresher Scissor Vacuum cleaner Dust pan Dusting clothes Grass cutter Vacuum cleaner Dust pan Refresher Scissor Vacuum cleaner Term 2 years 1 year 3 year Term of payment At the end of each month On the completion of month Labour on daily charges In the starting of the month Price $ 725.00 $700.00 $638.00 Prequalification: The success of the project depends on two fundamentals one is the objective of the project and other is the management process for the project (James, 2013. The Andrew and company meet all the requirement of prequalification. Prequalification is the phenomenon which deals with the bidding process in the initial stage of project objective (Jennifer, 2010). The prequalification focuses on the following: Selection of the contractor in terms of finance Tender document should be clearly filled Competencies should be checked Facilitates bidding process Capability of the company should be according to the requirement Company Quality criteria (100) Price ($) Price Score Overall quality Overall price Overall Price Rank A 56 725 34 56 * 60%= 35 34 * 40% = 26 43 2 B 58 700 42 53 * 60% = 23 36 * 40% = 25 38 1 C 47 638 54 54* 60% = 46 32 * 40% = 21 32 3 From the above evaluation we have seen that Andrew and company get the rank 1. Therefore it should be first choice of allocating the contract of cleaning the apartment. Evaluation of the tender selection: The best contracting company is Andrews and company because it fulfils all the criteria of prequalification procurement. It provides more workers and with extended working hours. They are focussing on cleaning activity of every corner of the campus, and facilitating with the bond of one year, if the society is not satisfied with the working schedule of the company they can look for other option in the next financial year. It has been chosen because of the bidder proposal, recommendation, and working schedule. Contractor should work closely with the citizen of the locality. The working group should follow the progress report, framework, and etc. at regular basis (Rono, 2012). [3]The responsibility of the working group is to provide relevant information to the contractor in accordance with the improvement of the society. Deliverables: Deliverables Due date Meeting of the contractor with the working group of the citizen of the locality Within two weeks of the date of commencement Cleanliness program should be developed with the consultation of working group of the citizen December 2016 Signing Off on the project design by the working group of the citizen January 2016 Communication material should be developed for attracting the volunteer of the community January 2017 Health and safety programs should be developed for the volunteers February 2017 Report of progress February 2017 Workshop for community awareness and training programs March 2017 Commencement of citizen program together with the volunteers March 2017 Establishment of mechanism used for capturing data and information March 2017 Eco fest display of activities April 2017 Final Report with the recommendation May 2017 Term of Contract: It is hoped that the contract will continue from the date of signing with the completion of the project which deals with the cleaning of the society on the regular basis. The date of signing off the project will be December 2016 and the expected date of the completion of the project is up till May 2017. Value of the contract: The contract is based on the fixed fee basis which is based on the value of the successful tender. The contractor should provide all the relevant information related to the cost of all expenses in the contract. The contract should focus on the following cost: Cost for tender preparation Cost required for project management and execution Cost incurred on meetings in relation with travel and accommodation Number of hours given by the each member of the project team member Cost incurred on acquisition of data The budget should be developed according to the cost estimated on the item, rate, time, and value given on the money. The scheduling of the payment should be based on the upfront of the payment with 20% on the successful completion of the project or 15% otherwise. Requirement For the preparation of the proposal: The clear statement should be given for the methods and approaches used for cleaning the society Details of the deliverables Clear details of the timeliness and milestones Skills of the team employed for carrying out the cleaning activities of the society Completion of the budget Contact details of the contractor Selection of the contractor: Milestones and timeline should be clearly defined in the scope of work The contractor should have experience in the field of cleanliness Contractor should agree on the value of money proposed Track record of the contractor should be viewed Contractor should possess experience in the areas of development of the project, management of the project, on-ground delivery of the project, monitoring and reporting of the project, and technical support. Annual Action plans: Extraction of work through contracts should be focused on estimation on annual repairs, special repairs and maintenance Work of up-gradation and minor works ant regular basis in the society [6]Annual working program which mention the starting and completion of the jobs and activities which are carried out in accordance with the cleanliness of the society. Time frame should be mentioned Annual Rate contract system: Annual rate contract system is well suitable for the completion of maintenance operation which helps in meeting the objective like minimization of the time gap between the demands and starting of the work, tentative tendering should be avoided for scheduling the quality of the cleanliness project. It also helps in achieving benefits like multiple contracts, availability for inspection and supervision, and reduces the dependencies on the single contractor. Activities: Maintenance of the water supply system Setting down of electric meters for the supply of electricity Maintenance of the garden Maintenance of the drainage system Cleanliness of the litter at the regular basis Monitoring of the cleanliness in the society periodically Report should be prepared on complaints, attendance of the workers, feedback, and etc. Performance Measure: Contractor should work closely with the citizen of the locality. The working group should follow the progress report, framework, and etc. at regular basis. [7]The responsibility of the working group is to provide relevant information to the contractor in accordance with the improvement of the society. The performance can be measured by reviewing the following format: S. no Complaint Number House number / Locality Repair Location Approximation of the quantity Repair schedule less than 1 month Repair schedule less than 3 month Repair schedule less than 6 month Repair Forms for Periodic cleanliness: S.no Complaint Number House number Request regarding Due date Date of planning to start the Work Completion of the date Feedback with signature Inspection of Garden and Buildings S.no. Particular Needs Repair Needs Replacement Priority 1 Lawn: Weeding Patch repair Renovation Re-grassing 2 Hedge: Gap Filling Replacement 3 Planting beds: Needs Replacement Gap filling 4 Rockeries: Gap filling of dead one Replacement of damaged Replacement of stones Thinning and trimmings Maintenance of the path 5 Kitchen Garden Planning for plantation of vegetables 6 Road Side Plantation: Trimming Gap Filling Proposal for new plantation Detailed Report Minimum Specification for the performance Measure: Products such as chlorine based sanitary cleaners, chemical air fresheners, chemical drainage cleaners, and others should be restricted. Cleaning products should not contain the elements like halogenated organic substance, amines, poly-aziridines, alkyl phenol, reactive chlorine compounds, organic, chlorine carriers, optical brightening agents, heavy metals, and etc. Biodegradable components should be used in the cleaning products Cleaning products should not contain more than 1% of phosphorous. Microfiber clothes should be preferred than disposable clothes Automatic dispenser should be included for restricting the overuse of the product. Equipment should be used which are capable of emitting the dust Proper weightage should be given on storage and using of chemicals Contract Performance clause: The progress report should have name, certification of environment, quantity, and usage of cleaning product which is to be submitted by the contractor on the quarterly basis. The contractor should provide working instruction to the staff which is based on health and safety practices. The performance can be measured the applicability of reducing the hazardous waste from the environment, use of energy and water efficient equipment should be used, and on the basis of reports. Preventive Measures: Preventive measure should be taken at the design phase: While designing the structure of the locality, it should be kept in mind that cleanliness should not face any hindrance. [9]Architectural system: The designing of the architecture of the locality, campus, building, and its components should be designed in accordance with the smooth functioning of cleanliness and maintenance. Replacement and repairing can be smoothly carried out (Savior, 2012). Maintenance Accessibility: Design of the structure should be developed in such a way so that the maintenance can be easily accessible. Services should be designed in provision with the future requirement All the relevant documented should be handed over to the maintenance team Systematic and periodic inspection should be carried out Cleanliness should be given special importance in the pre and post monsoon Leakages and seepages should be constructed properly Cleaning of manhole and sewer pipe should be regularly done Budget: S no. Description of particular Unit Average calculated rate Weightage Repair cost index 1 Mason Each 256 21.50 423.38 2 Cement Quintal 527 9.50 108.65 3 Paint Litre 157 17.50 75.27 4 Fine sand Cum 688 4.0 72.65 5 Coolie / Sweeper Each 256 21.50 423.38 6 Fitter / Carpenter/ Painter Each 312 10.00 170.49 7 Material 1134.50 34.50 391.40 Key Stages of Procurement process: Procurement planning consists of two phases demand analysis and supply market analysis. Minimum performance criteria should be estimated for cleaning services. The performance can be measured the applicability of reducing the hazardous waste from the environment (Kenedy, 2014), use of energy and water efficient equipment should be used, and on the basis of reports. In the procurement process, consideration on the sustainability should be given at every stage. Conclusion: In this paper, we are focusing on preparing the procurement plan for the services of cleaning contractor to clean the surroundings of the living space on the regular basis. The focus is also given on the procurement planning which helps in identifying the need of the society, what the scope of the goods is regarding cleanliness of the society, requirement of work and services, and the strategies which should be developed in accordance with the cleanliness of the society. The need of the procurement plan is to identify and realize the need of the cleanliness in the society. The focus should be given on the status of the inventory, schedule of the cleanliness, work plans, operative cost, and budget. The scope of the project is to monitor activities like plantation, clean-up of the litter, and community. References: Mittal, S. 2012.Maintenance Manual. Ebook. 1st ed. Jain Book Agency. https://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/MaintenanceManual2012.pdf. Roy, F. 2013.Gladstone healthy harbour partnership: Scope of Work. Ebook. 1st ed. https://ghhp.org.au/uploads/news/Scope-of-Works-Phase-1-Community-Waterway-Citizen-Science-Program.pdf. Sharma, V. 2015.Management lesson from swatch Bharat mission. Ebook. 1st ed. https://www.ijarse.com/images/fullpdf/1424767092_P214-220.pdf. Onyango, C. 2014.Effects of Procurement Planning on Institutional Performance. Ebook. 1st ed. https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i11/T0NUMTQ1MDQ=.pdf. Buhalis, D. 2014.Community Workers: Work health and safety Guidelines. Ebook. 1st ed. https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/CommunityWorkers.pdf. Jennifer, F. 2010.Green Cleaning, Sanitizing, and Disinfecting. Ebook. 1st ed. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/ece_curriculumfinal.pdf. Rono, C. 2012.Procurement Planning and service delivery in state corporation in kenya. Ebook. 1st ed. https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/59575/Rono_Procurement%20planning%20and%20service%20delivery%20in%20state%20corporation%20in%20Kenya.pdf?sequence=3. James, G. 2013.A Practical Guide for procurement planning and management of strategic public health supplies. Ebook. 1st ed. https://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19024en/s19024en.pdf. Savior, N. 2012. An Evaluation of the impact of procurement planning on service delivery in hospitals. Ebook. 1st ed. https://www.academia.edu/11457810/An_Evaluation_of_the_Impact_of_Procurement_Planning_on_Service_Delivery_in_3rd_Level_Hospitals. Kenedy, T. 2014.Procurement Planning and Servce Delivery in local Government. Ebook. 1st ed. https://www.academia.edu/7388587/PROCUREMENT_PLANNING_AND_SERVICE_DELIVERY_IN_LOCAL_GOVERNMENT_CASE_STUDY_IBANDA_TOWN_COUNCIL. [1] Onyango, C. 2014.Effects of Procurement Planning on Institutional Performance. Ebook. 1st ed. [2] Mittal, S. 2012.Maintenance Manual. Ebook. 1st ed. Jain Book Agency. [3] Sharma, V. 2015.Management lesson from swatch Bharat mission. Ebook. 1st ed. [4] Roy, F. 2013.Gladstone healthy harbour partnership: Scope of Work. [5] Buhalis, D. 2014.Community Workers: Work health and safety Guidelines. Ebook. 1st ed. [6] Jennifer, F. 2010.Green Cleaning, Sanitizing, and Disinfecting. Ebook. 1st ed. [7] Rono, C. 2012.Procurement Planning and service delivery in state corporation in kenya. Ebook. 1st ed. [8] James, G. 2013.A Practical Guide for procurement planning and management of strategic public health supplies. Ebook. 1st ed. [9] Savior, N. 2012. An Evaluation of the impact of procurement planning on service delivery in hospitals. Ebook. 1st ed. [10] Kenedy, T. 2014.Procurement Planning and Servce Delivery in local Government. Ebook. 1st ed.

Death my craft weekend on the ocean. Review Essay Example

Death my craft weekend on the ocean. Review Paper Essay on Death my craft weekend on the ocean. Im just doing my job; First of all, we need to listen to the Fuhrer, not philosophize; Rudolf Hess, Obersturmbahnfuehrer SS commandant of Auschwitz 1940-1943 With this books began my acquaintance with so revered by me, green palatochki network book Paradise that runs on selling off the remnants ridiculous price. How much does it cost? Rubles 10. On the strength of 20. What attracted? Cover. Picture. Dalis famous painting The Face of the war. We will write a custom essay sample on Death my craft weekend on the ocean. Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Death my craft weekend on the ocean. Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Death my craft weekend on the ocean. Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To include this book? For documentary prose and hysterical as the novels of Primo Levi? It seems impossible, Merle was not a prisoner of the concentration camps. By dystopia? I just advised her to appropriate post is very terrible dystopia. After all, it is written about the real man, the real events. About how people are just doing their job. The novel tells the story of a simple, gray, little isolated from human crowds. Rudolf Lange. The prototype which served as Rudolf Hess, uttered two of his famous phrases (which serve as an epigraph post) at the Nuremberg trials. True diligence and zeal he just Pobol than most. Take a closer look. You are viewing ZheZheshechku through a corporate monitor okinte eyes of his colleagues. Do you have any neighbors in an ordinary manager who is working a little bit more than others, for which work life. Or such is among the tops of your friends? Yet, how can I compare the average managera and Obersturmbahnfà ¼hrer. But they are. Thats for sure. Imperceptible. Methodical. Successive. Diligent. The whole life, almost from birth shows us the eyes of Rudolph. Work. Disruption in Germany after the war. Joining the party. Zabrezhivshie ideals. Labor feats. Sometimes it looks like a true Stakhanovite. And in the end simple and not dusty rabotenka commandant of a concentration camp. Where he is trying to improve everything. All optimized. Just doing his job. Why read this book? Interests sake. Personally, I highly recommend it. To remember that theres such evil in the world? Yes, theres such evil in the world. And what is interesting that such an act. Perhaps, without any sign. Not a bad thing. No plus. Simple operation, aimed at guidance of bloodthirsty job for.

Cadbury Gorilla Ad Analysis Essays

Cadbury Gorilla Ad Analysis Essays Cadbury Gorilla Ad Analysis Paper Cadbury Gorilla Ad Analysis Paper Anuj Kwatra – U110009 Hitesh Agarwal – U110024 History of the Ad Gorilla Ad is a British advertising campaign launched by Cadbury Schweppes in 2007 to promote Cadbury Dairy Milk-brand chocolate. It was a 90-second television and cinema advertisement, which formed the centre piece of their new ad campaign. It was created and directed by Juan Cabral and starred actor Garon Michael. The campaign itself comprised appearances on billboards, print newspapers and magazines, television and cinema spots, event sponsorships and an internet presence. The entire campaign was handled by the advertising agency Fallon London. Their proposal was to step away from â€Å"push† marketing of the product through traditional advertising means, and instead create a â€Å"pull† for the product by creating entertainment pieces which would appeal to a broader range of consumers The television premiere of the advertisement was on Friday 31 August 2007, during the finale of the eighth series of the United Kingdom reality television show Big Brother. The Gorilla commercial scored by generating high noticeability ratings wherever it was screened on television and this generated huge downloads on the web. Prior to the release of the Gorilla movie Cadbury was having a poor season. Sales were down because of certain PR and other issues that affected the quality of the product, which resulted in the brand dropping in top-of-mind awareness and sales. Analysis of Ad based on Emotional Preferences Parameters 1. Seeing, Hearing and Sensing The ad has a backdrop of Purple colour with golden line. This matched with the packaging colouring scheme of the Cadbury Dairy Milk (CDM) Chocolates. Also it has a lot of musical instruments in the ad. It shows a studio. So whenever a visual sees a set of drum or other musical instruments, it would remind him of this ad, and would intern reflect the joy that CDM could provide. The music used in the ad is to attract the auditory people. It is very slow, rhythmic and measured to grad their attention. The sound of drums is used to create the recall of the ad for them. The ad seemed to target majoring of the people belonging to this emotional preference as the idea of using the product metaphor that Chocolate is about joy and pleasure†. It starts with a soothing sound followed by close up on the gorilla. It shows that the gorilla is breathing as if in a stance. It is feeling something calming and fulfilling. Also the lyrics of the song (I can feel in the air tonight, oh lord. ) reflects feelings. Thus anytime a feeling of joy is there in an individual it would create a recall for the product. 2. People, Places, Activities, Knowledge and Things This ad reflects that when a gorilla can have an experience of delight then anyone who wishes to have to experience ecstasy can consume CDM. Thus this ad doesn’t focus much on â€Å"people† preference of an individual. As chocolate is an impulse purchase and location doesn’t play a role in the buying decision, place preference is not catered. The gorilla is shown to be banging the drums with a lot of energy. This is done to target the activity oriented people. They are generally high on energy and look for things that are enjoyable. The ad also by showing the CDM product only at the end creates an interest level which targets people looking for an intellectual activity. As chocolate is an impulse purchase, not much of involvement is required from the customer. So knowledge plays an insignificant role in purchase. Hence knowledge preference is not addressed in the ad. The gorilla in the ad seems to have a deep association with drums. This addresses to the people with things filter. It shows to them the CDM can provide them the same kind of fulfilment that they get from the things they like. 3. Away from and Towards. The ad clearly shows the amount of pleasure gorilla gets from CDM. Thus it directly addresses to the people belonging to towards preference as they have a tendency to seek pleasure in whatever they buy. The people belonging to the away preference are quite procedural. However the ad doesn’t show any reference to procedural or pattern based purchase. Thus this preference is not addressed. 4. Internal and External. The chocolate consumption is more about self satisfaction. Hence external preference is not addressed. On the other hand, the gorilla is shown to be enjoying his own company. This addresses to the people with internal preference as it shows to them the kind of satisfaction they can get for themselves from CDM. 5. Options and Procedures Gorilla is shown to be the new face of CDM. This is something very new and innovative. Moreover, the gorilla is initially just sitting there almost in a trance when it starts playing the drums almost spontaneously. This would address to people with options preference who by nature are spontaneous and look for new things. The people with procedure preference tend to follow a consistent routine or buying procedure. The ad doesn’t show any such routine and thus doesn’t address such people. 6. Big Picture and Details The ad is very abstract in a way that direct product consumption is nowhere shown. Infact the product is shown only in the end. Thus it only projects the big picture in a metaphorical sense that CDM consumption can bring extreme pleasure. This addresses to the people with big picture filter. However not much detail is shown in the ad, thus people with detail filter are not addressed. 7. Active and Passive The ad initially shows that the gorilla is relaxed and is waiting for something to happen. This part grasps the attention of the people having passive filter. Then suddenly he gets stimulated and starts drumming. Moreover, he is bouncing with energy while drumming. This part targets people with active filter. 8. Response to change The ad is a totally new concept with a gorilla as its lead. Surprisingly no words used in it to promote the product. Moreover, the product is nowhere shown directly in the ad. It is very different from any other ad. Thus the ad is a treat for people with difference filter while ignores people with sameness filter. The ad shows gradual change in the mood of the gorilla. Initially it is calm and relaxed. Then it enjoys the feeling of pleasure and moves on to feel the energy. This occasional change of feelings at a normal pace adheres to people with progress filter. 9. Past, Present and Future. The ad uses a song (In the air tonight, by Phil Collins) that was composed in 1981. It was a big hit then. Thus people with past filter can relate to this song and will thus relate to CDM. The gorilla shown in the ad is both active and spontaneous. He seems to be enjoying the moment. These traits are in sync with people having present filter. The ad concept is very imaginative as it shows a gorilla enjoying music and playing drums. Moreover it generates a sense of anticipation in the viewer’s mind as to what would be coming next. These characteristics of the ad address to the people with future filter.

Privacy of Information and Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Privacy of Information and Advertising - Essay Example the FatAway Inc. has launched a product line that is so far trusting with respect to the product specifications and the claims that it says. And to market it, manager believes that the best idea is to select the fattest people in Australia and use them as spokespersons or as reference persons in their ads. For this manager needs to probe into the databases of companies that maintain statistics related to the fat people in Australia. In this situation we can say that the manager's company is the sponsoring client (or the user of the data) and the companies maintaining databases are the researchers. Now, manager sees that the data probably might be easily available about the heavy weighted people; but the problem lies in the intrusion of someone else's personal life and the respondent probably has given his personal profile for some other purpose, and to use it for a third purpose might not be liked by him. And even if the respondents agree to the proposal of acting as sales person then too they might not be aware of the future emotional consequences that might occur to them and then they would not have any option. As the technology emerges it brings with it new and creative ways of information sharing. Companies have also shifted their business orientation from production to provision of knowledge. And hence we see growing number of companies maintaining databases, and also government organizations maintain data with respect to the population demographics etc. This data is collected for specific purposes. But as we move forward issues concerning intrusion of privacy are enhanced; since individuals are too cautious about their personal lives and the style with which they live. Accordingly, no one has any right to say or dig into the reason why someone is fat, since he or she has no concern. This case explores the same idea. Ethical issue or dilemma in the case Firstly, manager (user of the data) sees that obtaining data about weight and height of client is intrusion of privacy and since in the western countries especially collecting and giving out of data is considered serious violation of privacy. Next, the data might be available with a third party (the researcher) and the researcher is ready to sell the data but data might have been collected for some other purpose and thus using it for some other reason might not be right. Third, the subjects i.e. the fat people might agree to participate and act as the spokesperson and participate in the advertising campaign for the company. But this may embarrass them in the future and bound them to work for the company even if they later realize that they don't like working in the ad or made public about their weakness i.e. being fat. Prevailing community or the societal attitudes of the person may not allow him to such a behaviour. Solutions to the case Solution 1: First and foremost the general business ethics of the company maintaining databases and their privacy policy should be analysed. If they have the right to use the respondents' information in any way and context with the prior permission of the client, then only the data should be used. And this is most required in situations when the certificate of confidentiality has been given by the respondents. Solution 2: Moreover, to avoid any future embarrassment and humiliation for the potential spokesperson they should be

Australia's Economy Over The Last Two Years Essay

Australia's Economy Over The Last Two Years - Essay Example In Australia, the Australian government and the Reserve Bank of Australia play a major role in the country’s economics, as these determine the macroeconomic policies in the country. According to the International Labour Organization (2013), a microeconomic policy that is aimed at achieving economic stability in a country, is a paramount condition for the achievement and sustenance of high levels of development tin a country. Nonetheless, this part of the essay explores the main macroeconomic policies used by the Australian Government and the Reserve Bank of Australia over the last two years. There are two core macroeconomic policies, which a country can use, and these include the monetary and the fiscal policy. Nonetheless, the Australian government and the Reserve Bank of Australia have in the past two years, used these to control the economy. Fiscal policy in Australia includes the level and composition of government revenues and outlays, methods of financing a budget defici t or using a budget surplus, the operation of automatic and discretionary stabilizers, and the provision of incentives to increase aggregate supply. According to Parkinson (2012), a major function of Australia’s fiscal policy is to ensure the maintenance of fiscal sustainability from a medium-term perspective. Parkinson (2012) also notes that monetary policy in Australia has the main purpose of maintaining inflation between 2 and 3 percent. The monetary policy in Australia has to do with the Reserve Bank of Australia interest rate, as well as the exchange rate policies, and transmission mechanisms. This serves to anchor inflation expectations, and has the responsibility of managing demand. This is with the aim of ensuring that the country’s economy remains on a stable path of growth, and maintains a low rate of inflation. Therefore, monetary policy and fiscal policy, as well as exchange rate, are three core aspects of Australia’s macroeconomic framework, which h ave been extremely important for the past two years, as these have provided a great level of flexibility for the country to deal with economic shocks that it experiences from time to time. Parkinson (2012) notes that the Australian macroeconomic policy framework is an asset and an endowment to the country, as it forms a core part of the country’s productive base. Nonetheless, for the past two years, these have been effective in ensuring that Australia addresses its economic problems, and the Australian government achieves its economic objectives. The Reserve Bank of Australia deals with all the issues pertaining the monetary policy. Nonetheless, a major aspect of the monetary policy, which the Reserve Bank of Australia utilizes is the interest rate. This interest rate influences differently other interest rates in the economy, so that the borrowers and lenders in the money markets come under the influence of the monetary policy. The Reserve Bank of Australia controls the inte rest rates in a manner that will ensure that the objectives of the Reserve Bank Act 1959 are attained. These include, and are not limited to ensuring a stable currency of the country, preventing unemployment, boosting living standards of citizens, and ensuring economic empowerment of the people (Reserve Bank of Australia 2013). In order to ease or loosen bonds, the Reserve Bank of Australia would buy bonds in order to create excess liquidity, putting downward pressure on interest rates, allowing increased consumer and investment spending, and finally lower the rate of unemployment. Similarly, when there is a possibility of the rate of inflation to increase, the Reserve Bank

The Attitudes toward the role of women from a religious standpoint Research Paper

The Attitudes toward the role of women from a religious standpoint - Research Paper Example This alludes to the fact that women in Buddhist Asia were, from quite early on, treated much better than their counterparts in other parts of Asia. Most observations on Buddhist women in the late 19th and early 20th century are made by Europeans who found themselves in Asia around this period. The most remarkable feature about Buddhist women to these early writers was their privilege. Sir Charles Bell a British Political Representative in Tibet, Bhutan and Sikkim, wrote in 1928 that travelling to Tibet from India and China presents the visitor with an impression that Tibetan women are not kept in isolation as their Indian counterparts. In fact, the Tibetan women mingle with the opposite sex and are consequently at ease with men (Dewaraja 4). The most important thing to note is that the statement women in the world is a reference to European women at that time in history. These women are still struggling to walk shoulder to shoulder with their male counterparts. In Buddhism, subordination of women is given a religious sanction. According to the Law of Karma, one’s actions in the past will determine one’s position of wealth, power, talent and even sex in future births. One is reborn a woman because of one’s bad Karma. Because of such religious laws, attitudes towards women are not easily changed. Today women in Buddhism much like their predecessors 100 years ago struggle with such challenges. At the forefront of this campaign is Sakyadhita or daughters of Buddha. This is a global network of Buddhist women aimed at improving their status through conferences, dinners and discussion groups. At the turn of the 20th century, the attitude towards the role of women in Christianity was much like that in Buddhism as observed by European Asian settlers. However, women in Christianity during this period were associated with education.

The Civil Rights Movement Of 1960s History Essay

The Civil Rights Movement Of 1960s History Essay The United States Supreme Court commands no armies, create no laws, and, generally, has no affiliations with the politics. However, its written opinions often change the course of American History. On May 17th, 1954 , the United States Supreme Court made the unanimous decision on the case Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas, 347 U.S. 483  [1]  , that declared segregation of white and Negro children in public schools denies Negro children the equal protection guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution even though physical facilities and other tangible factors of white and Negro schools may be equal.  [2]   One widely accepted claim is that the ruling of Brown played an important role in deeply influencing the civil rights movement. For blacks, the ruling of Brown had an ensuring effect that the federal government is on our side.  [3]  Julius Chamberss teenage memories of Brown is a reflection of this; we assumed that Brown was self-executing. The law had been announced, and people would have to obey it. Wasnt that how things worked in America, even in white America?.  [4]  A federal judge and a leading legal scholar, J. Harvie Wilkinson III, declared that Very little could have been accomplished in mid-century America without the Supreme CourtBrown maybe the most important political, social and legal event in Americas twentieth century history.  [5]  Many scholars, like Wilkinson, agree that the decision made by the Supreme Court and other court cases such as Brown II, Sarah Key v. Carolina Coach Company, and Browder v. Gayle that followed Brown dramatically improved the legal status of Americans by deeply influencing the civil rights movement.  [6]  It is evident that the Supreme Court decision on Brown had a deep symbolic impact on people. However, many other forces perhaps much more powerful than Brown also contributed to the paving of civil rights movement. The United States having helped in the defeat of Adolf Hitler a European leader who had practiced antisemitism, and persecuted many people who he believed were inferior to his German master race left many Americans repulsed by his racial policies  [7]  . This was a major cause for Americans to look at their own society with a critical lens. Shortly after the ruling of Brown, the civil rights movement gained considerable momentum.  [8]  Demonstrations such as the sit-ins of Greensboro, North Carolina and the bus boycott of Montgomery, Alabama are a reflection of the quickened civil rights movement. Michael Klarman, a constitutional law scholar, argued that political, economic, social, demographic, and intellectual forces in the 1940s and 1950s were already liberalizing race relations in the United States, even in the South. These changes would have undermined Jim Crow perhaps with less white bitterness regardless of Supreme Court intervention.  [9]  Forces mentioned ab ove had already increased optimism in the society, prior to the decision of Brown, causing racial beliefs to slowly decline. It is acceptable to claim that Brown played a role in paving the way for the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The decision of Brown brought attention to civil rights causes, caused guilt to Northern whites, and inspired many grassroots activists. However many other powerful social and economical forces outweighed the small role Brown played in paving the path for the civil rights movement. 1. What was the role Brown played in the civil rights movement of 1960s? Direct and indirect influences of Brown The influences Brown had on the civil rights movement can be distinguished into two categories; direct influences and indirect influences. Its direct impact on the civil rights movement was school desegregation. Indirect influences, as claimed by many scholars, were varied. These included, giving civil rights issues national attention to Northern whites feeling guilt and to inspiring many grassroots and other activists by legitimizing civil rights causes. When one looks at the influences of Brown to the civil rights movement, the claim seems invalid. The influences, both direct and indirect, were over shadowed by other forces. The decision of Brown had a fairly immediate effect on segregation in the border states and isolated portions of the peripheral South.  [10]  In Kentucky the percentage of black children attending the same school as white children increased from zero (at the time of the first Brown decision in 1954) to 28 percent in 1957-1958 and jumped to 54 percent in 1963-1964.  [11]  In Oklahoma, the figures were zero percent in 1954, 18 percent in 1957-1958, and 28 percent in 1963-1964.  [12]  In 1957-1958 0.09 percent of black children attending school with white children in Arkansas and 1.4 percent in Texas (the small net yield was due to small black populations).  [13]  However, statistics from the rest of the South indicates that Brown had very little immediate effect on school desegregation. For example, in Southern states such as Tennessee and North Carolina, blacks school children attending desegregated schools were 0.12 percent and 0.01 percent in 1959-1960, and 2.7 perce nt 0.54 percent in 1963-1964.  [14]  In the deeper Southern states such as South Carolina, Alabama, and Mississippi, black students did not attend an integrated public grade school in 1962-1963.  [15]  In the South as a whole, only 0.16 percent of black children were attending school with white children in 1959-1960 and this increased only slightly to 1.2 percent in 1963-1964.  [16]  Only in the later parts of 1960s, after the civil rights act of 1964, did desegregation in the south began to increase.  [17]  From these statistics it is apparent that there was little impact from Brown on school desegregation. Only a 1.04 percent increase in blacks and whites attending the same school was seen in four years. Considering that direct influences of Brown being very limited, it is difficult for one to accept that indirect influences of Brown played a significant role. Claimed by many scholars, Brown had brought issues of civil rights to a national audience. However, this was only true to a certain extent. Although Brown had increased attention to civil rights causes in the South, it gained less attention in the North. An opinion poll conducted in the summer of 1955 noted that 60 percent of Southern whites, as opposed to 17 percent of northern whites, had discussed the Supreme Court decision during the week before the decision was made.  [18]  33 percent of Southern whites, compared to six percent of Northern whites, in the same poll considered segregation a more important issue than crime, atomic bombs, and high taxes.  [19]  Media coverage of civil rights events suggests that very little attention was paid to court cases such as Brown. Other civil rights event that produced confrontation and violence were the highlight of civil rights media coverage.  [20]  Examples include the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-1956, which had little con nection with Browns decision and sit-ins of Greensboro, Alabama.  [21]  In 1952 the New York Times gave relatively more coverage to civil rights issues than in 1954 or 1955 (the years of the first and second Brown decisions).  [22]  Respondents identifying civil rights issues as the nations ultimate problem increased after the bus boycott of Montgomery, Alabama, not by Brown. This increase was insignificant compared to the outburst of public attention to civil rights causes after the demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama during the spring of 1963.  [23]  It is evident that Brown did not gain considerable attention from both Northern and Southern states. It seems that significant attention to civil rights causes were brought by demonstrations such as sit-ins of Greensboro and Montgomery bus boycotts, not by Brown. At the time television sets were first appearing in households. Violent images such as protesters being hit by high-pressure water jets from fire-hoses were bro ad casted over the air.  [24]  This would have likely gained more international support than court cases such as Brown published in newspapers. Another widely accepted claim is that Brown aroused sympathy of Northern whites regarding the cause of civil rights. However, there is little evidence suggesting that Brown was a causation for Northern whites to feel sympathetic to the civil rights causes.  [25]  An opinion poll conducted in July of 1959 reported that only a five percent increase in public support for school desegregation, that Brown promoted, over the preceding five years was seen.  [26]  Congresses willingness to sponsor legislation can be seen as Northern whites feeling sympathetic to civil rights causes. Amount of congressional sponsors for civil rights causes steadily increased through the late 1940s and peaked in 1951-1952. Then it declined through the remainder of the 1950s and reached an all time low in 1959-1960.  [27]  Another indication that there was no significant increase of civil rights consciousness among Northern whites was the willingness of the President and the Senate to see the Eisenh ower administrations 1956-1957 civil rights bill deprive of strength in the upper house.  [28]  Similarly, a study by Ema Lou Thornbroughs Indiana state Legislature proceedings revealed that the legislature discussed more civil rights issues during the 1950s than in the 1940s. But it did not enact meaningful legislation until after the civil rights revolution of the early 1960s.  [29]   One of the most popular and widely accepted assumptions regarding Browns decision was that it legitimized the civil rights causes, increased the hope of its success, and was a catalyst for new activism within the black community.  [30]  Activists in the civil rights movement has given many accounts of Browns significance. For example, Martin Luther King, Jr., declared in 1958 that Brown had brought hope to millions of disinherited Negroes who had formerly dared only dream of freedom..  [31]  Fred Shuttlesworth, leader of the indigenous civil rights movement in Birmingham, notes his role in the movement to Brown. Browns decision, as he remembered, stirred up in me what I knew all the time.  [32]  As Thurgoood Marshall found more people in the South willing to stand up as plaintiffs, they said The federal government is on our side.  [33]  Around sixty desegregation petitions filed by local branches of The National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to school boards in the deep South in July of 1955.  [34]  This suggest that Brown inspired litigation that challenged state sponsored segregation. Shortly after Brown, in Greensboro, North Carolina, blacks began to desegregate the city golf courses. Also, blacks in Birmingham and Montgomery, Alabama, began to challenge segregation in city parks and public transportation by bringing court suits.  [35]  Not only did Brown assure people the legitimization of civil rights causes, it also stimulated black hope.  [36]  As Robert Jackson, a black history professor at Virginia Union University, notes This is a most exciting moment. I havent seen collective emotion since the day Roosevelt died. A lot of us havent been breathing for the last nine months. But today the students reacted as if a heavy burden had been lifted from their shoulders. They see a new world opening for them and those that follow them.  [37]  One staff member of the NAACP branch in New York recalled that t hey sat there looking at one another. The only emotion that we felt at that moment was awe-every one of us felt it.  [38]  Black leaders were hopeful that Brown would affect race relation in all dimensions of American life.  [39]  Charles Johnson, the President of Fisk University, explained in the summer of 1954, the principal enumeration was not merely that of constitutionality of racial segregationif segregation is unconstitutional in educational institutions, it is no less unconstitutional in other aspects of our national lives..  [40]  Martin Luther King, Jr., and A. Philip Randolph led prayer pilgrimage to Washington D.C., on the anniversary of Brown in the late 1950s, thus proving that blacks regarded Brown as an important symbol.  [41]  It is impossible to measure the legitimizing effect Brown had on the society. Because of this it is difficult for one to either accept or reject the interpretation. However it is not clear that Browns decision was needed for th e legitimization effect on the society. Other forces seem much more likely to have caused this legitimizing effect in the society. When assessing the impact of Brown, both direct and indirect, on the civil rights movement, one can conclude the little significance of Brown. Browns limited impact on school desegregation is widely accepted. However, its indirect contributions such as bringing civil rights issues national attention, causing guilt to Northern whites, and legalizing civil rights causes in the eyes of blacks seems exaggerated. As evidence shows, Brown only brought significant attention to civil rights causes in the South. National attention brought by other civil rights demonstrations such as the famous Montgomery bus boycott and electrifying sit-ins of Greensboro dwarfed that of Brown. The decision of Brown did not arouse significant guilt from the northern whites. As mentioned earlier, only a five percentage increase in public support for civil rights causes were seen after the decision of Brown. It is difficult to either accept or reject the claim of Brown legitimizing civil rights causes in the eye s of blacks. However more plausible factors such as political, economical, and social, that were in effect even before Brown, are much more likely to have effected the view of legitimized civil rights causes and essentially paving the way for the civil rights movement. 2. Postwar forces had relatively large effect on the civil rights movement Shortly after the decision made by the United States Supreme Court, the civil rights movement gained considerable momentum. Key to the quickened civil rights movement was ongoing postwar forces such as rising prosperity, high levels of education, and demographic movements.  [42]  These forces combined promoted expectations from both blacks and whites concerning ways of life including race relations.  [43]  When the effect of these forces are compared with Browns influence on the civil rights movement, it is evident that influence of Brown is exaggerated. Michael Klarman claim that the democratic ideology of World War II and the greater opportunities for political and economical advance that the war afforded had already fostered a civil rights consciousness in most American blacks.  [44]  This is reflected by the comment of a black veteran returning home from the war as he registered to vote:After having been overseas fighting for democracy, I thought that when we got back here we should enjoy a little of it.  [45]  It is evident that there were many effective challenges to civil rights before and during the war. In 1942 blacks in North Carolina issued the Southern Black Declaration of Independence.  [46]  This supported the Fair Employment Practice Committee and initiated actions to put an end to segregation, and inequalities in housing, medicine, and education.  [47]  Also during the war blacks, in Norfolk, Virginia, began to protest segregation in public transportation. They began to join voter leagues, started to p ay taxes in record numbers, and served on war-related boards and councils. Thus increasing black presence in the community they were able to successfully support the appointment of two black police officers into the city police force.  [48]  In the 1940s number of black voters increased from 151,000 to 9000,000.  [49]  By the late 1940s, black candidates were running for public office and occasional winning. In Northern sates, ideology of the war combined with increasing political power of urban blacks, led to the implementation of civil rights laws in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Most of these laws promoted fail employment practices and open public accommodations, and some went far as forbidding segregation in public schools.  [50]  The challenges to Jim Crow that existed prior to war and during was beginning to bear results. There were desegregation of the Montgomery police force, elevators of buildings in Birmingham, juries in Little Rock, department stores and pub lic facilities in Greensboro, public libraries, parks, and swimming pools in Louisville. All in the early 1950s before Brown. Rapidly increasing challenges to Jim Crow such as these during and after the war suggests that Brown was not the first to challenge racial beliefs in the society. Much of the legitimization of civil rights causes, that was perceived as an indirect action of Brown, can be explained through these things mentioned above. Political, economic, and social factors that caused these overall laid much of the groundworks for the civil rights movement. Conclusion After more than five decades it is still difficult to determine the exact role Brown played in paving the way for the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Many scholars claim that indirect influences of Brown played a major role in laying groundworks for the civil rights movement. Other scholars claim that Brown itself was caused by many powerful postwar forces. Most scholars agree that there were three main indirect influences: Brown increased civil rights issues in a national context, caused the Northern whites to feel guilt, and legitimized civil rights issues in the eyes of grassroots activists. After examining the evidence surrounding these indirect influences it seems that they did not contribute much to laying groundworks for the civil rights movement. Evidence suggesting post war forces contributed to the civil rights movement is most plausible. As to question of Browns role in paving the way for the civil rights movement, it is evident that Brown played a relatively small role compared to that of post war forces. Brown itself can be seen as a reflection of swelling postwar forces. These forces since the 1940s have increased optimism in the society and weakened racist beliefs. It is acceptable to claim that Brown did contribute to the civil rights movement. However Browns contributions were dwarfed by those of postwar forces.

Crohns Disease Essay examples -- Health, Chronic Inflammation

When someone first finds out they have Crohn’s disease, they will probably feel overwhelmed. There are so many questions. Will I be able to work, travel and exercise? Should I be on a special diet? Could my medications have side effects? How will Crohn’s disease change my life? The better informed they can become, the more equipped they will be to be an active member in your healthcare (Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation of America, 2009). Crohn’s disease is a chronic disorder of the digestive system. I can affect any area of the gastrointestinal system from the mouth to the anus. Its inflammatory process may spread to include skin, eyes, joints, mouth and sometimes the liver (Chang, 2008). Males and females appear to be affected proportionately. Crohn’s disease can occur in people of any age, but it is mostly a disease of adolescents and young adults. However, Crohn’s disease may occur in people over 70 years old and in young children (Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation of America, 2009). â€Å"Crohn’s disease appears to be caused by a dysfunctional inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract† (U. S. News, 2009). Inflammation is the body’s natural way to heal by sending immune cells to the site of the injury or invader. Researchers think that this immune system response may be triggered by bacteria or viruses, material in the intestinal contents, or a defective signal from the body’s own cells, called an autoimmune response. Inflammation results in pain, heat, redness, and swelling of the tissue. Chronic inflammation can harm the function of tissues and organs (U.S. News, 2009). Crohn’s disease also appears to affect certain ethnic groups more than others. American Jews of European descent are four to five times more likely to de... ...rica, 2009). Florida Gator P/ David Lerner was just recently diagnosed with Crohn’s disease. He was ready to start practice season when he was diagnosed. Lerner was about to become the starting punter for the Gators and he thought this would probably derail him. After consist treatment the disease was under control, but not gone. He was able to start for the team, and earn a scholarship. Lerner states, â€Å"Maybe I can’t eat a couple of things here and there that I want to eat, but at the end of the day, it’s really not the worst thing in the world†(Washington Post, 2011). People with Crohn’s disease accept their condition differently. Each person with the disease must adjust in their own way, but they must adjust. Even though there is no cure at this time, research is ongoing and promises to improve the health and quality of life for those with Crohn’s disease.

Trading Route Implications of Widening Panama Canal

ABSRACT The Panama Canal Authority is responding to the necessity to accommodate larger ships through the canal; a 5. 2 billion dollars investment to deepening and widening the canal is in place and expected to conclude on August 2014. The new infrastructure will affect today shipping dynamics and only a few ports on the East Coast of the United States will be ready to receive the post-Panamax vessels; in this document we will discuss what the Miami (FL), Jacksonville (FL) and Freeport TX) are doing to get ready. Trade Route Implications of Widening the Panama CanalThe Panama Canal is about to celebrate its 100 years operations with a 5. 2 billion expansion that will allow a more efficient transit from the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean; the expansion includes deepening and widening the entrances & navigation channels to allow 12,000 TEUs ships to pass; plus and an additional set of locks. Global changes are expected including higher volume of goods from Asia to US and Canada; new market s opportunity for raw materials sourcing; cost-effective routes options and shorter times to mention some of them. Accenture, 2011,page 3 & 4). The US East Coast will be definitely impacted; different ports are already working on its expansions but we cannot tell by certain how, where and what type of impact will land for sure; the fact that larger ships will pass through the canal does not mean that they will stop on all ports or that the trade volume will increase and maintain. During a Seminar organized by the U. S.Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration; Rodolfo Sabonge, Vice President of Market Research and Analysis of the Panama Canal Authority explained that the principle east coast ports to be call for this larger ships are New York, New Jersey, or Norfolk. New York, New Jersey but they would have to work on the bridges issues; in the southeast ports of Charleston, Savannah and Houston where distribution centers are located; the West Coast of Flo rida is expected to be touch too to serve South Florida.All this port will face general challenges such as distributions center; connectivity infrastructure to concentrate, load and move the cargo inland; logistics where truck companies will be highly involved, equipment; railroads, inspection and security processes (Sabonge, October, 2009) In the same conference, Richard Wainio, Port director and CEO of the Tampa Port Authority mentioned that Florida, have 14 ports; four of them share the states’ trade: Tampa, Everglades, Miami and Jacksonville.The port of Tampa manages nearly 40% of the trade by tonnage in Florida and serves local markets; the Port is already planning to build and integrated a logistic center. Everglades & Miami are the largest container ports; while Jacksonville is a key and major player for the Canal Expansion. (Winio, October, 2009) The Port of Miami is already in process of expansion; and the following information is published in their website: â€Å"G overnor Rick Scott asked the Department of Transportation to allocate $77 million to the Port of Miami to deepen the channel to minus 50 feet so larger ships can gain access to the port.The Port’s Deep Dredge project is timed to coincide with the opening of an expanded Panama Canal in 2014, which will allow a new generation of larger cargo vessels to pass through the Canal† The dredge in the Port of Miami is expected to generate 30,000 new jobs and become the first port of call for post-Panamax vessels. â€Å"The deep dredge is critical to our future growth,† Port of Miami Director Bill Johnson said. â€Å"Port of Miami will be one of only three U. S. Atlantic ports to be at [minus] 50 feet when the expanded Panama Canal opens. (Dredging Today, 2012). Additionally, the construction of a tunnel to connect the Port and the I-395 is already in place to support trucks direct access and double port capacity. The US Department of Transportation granted 22. 7M to resto re and put in function the Coast Rail Yard in Hialeah which will provide direct access to the national rail system. â€Å"This is the type of infrastructure project that will pay permanent, long-term dividends, and provide a solid return on investment for Florida’s taxpayers,† said Mayor Alvarez. (Miami Port, 2012).On the other hand Freeport, Texas that has served the Gulf Coast for 100 years and its tanked 16th in the U. S for foreign tonnage; as describe in their website a well-built infrastructure for transportation via highway, railroad and intercostal will support the transit for post-Panamax vessels. (Port Freeport, 2012). The Marine Link online magazine published on September 13, 2011 that â€Å"the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) and Port Freeport in Texas established a strategic alliance today with the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)† that will promote and increase the trade between Asia and Gulf of Mexico of the U.S. ; the MOU has been sign ed for one year but renewable upon request. The MOU will play a key piece by allowing both parties to share information to promote market research, modernization and technological improvements in general. â€Å"This partnership was perfect for each of us because we are both interested in investing in infrastructure and growth. We each are building new facilities at a time when others are standing on the sidelines so it is only natural that we assist each other in the promotion of international trade in this hemisphere. This partnership is a win, win, for each of us. † said Pete Reixach CEO of Port Freeport† (para. 4). The Port of Jacksonville employs 23,000 people and impacts an additional 43,000 employees related to the port’s activity. The cargo activity generates 19 billion USD and as mentioned in their website its physical facilities include docks â€Å"docks and wharfs, cranes, a passenger cruise terminal, warehouses, paved open storage areas and road conne ctions to the public highway system† (Jacksonville Port Authority, 2012).On September 27, 2011 Paul Anderson, Jacksonville Port Authority CEO addressed his concerns in a communication â€Å"I have no doubt that US East Coast ports will soon be called upon to handle increased volumes but I harbor great doubt as to whether we — any of us — will be ready† (para. 2). Anderson mentions that Congress must act fast and focus on critical investment, prioritization and infrastructure for ports to continue its contribution. The TraPac Container Terminal has been affected in doubling its capacity due to the nations slow down; authorizations and processes.Also, Korean shipping company Hanjin has put in hold 200 million investments until they understand what the Government is planning to do and invest to be prepared for the post-Panamax ships. As Anderson said â€Å"these are our choices: get ready or lose† (para 10). Several considerations must be raised to und erstand the impact that the Panama Canal expansion will produce, how many deep water ports will be needed to serve post-Panamax ships? Which of those ports will be touched by the ships? How the trade patterns will change?How much are the investments require to serve the post-Panamax ships and what is the specific infrastructure require at each port and in land? How much is the Government willing to invest in infrastructure? Yes, we should accommodate to globalization; the cost and outcome are unknown yet. On the other hand; infrastructure such ports capacity, extra labor to improve productivity, facilities, equipment; technology and a good connectivity network for in land transportation and railroad are key to the success of these investments.To conclude, it looks that competition among the Florida coast ports will be hard; Tampa and Miami are getting ready and making its expansion; Jacksonville understand the needs of expansion but is raising very fair questions not only on the pro jects but to the Government capacity to respond and maintain infrastructure. Are taxpayer’s dollars’ worth the effort? I believe yes if we take quick action to the new requirements and get a clear understanding that we can afford the expansions. I believe the main question is; which port(s) in South Florida will have the final benefits? It will be interesting to find out in some years.References Accenture. (2011). A global operation game changer. The 2014 expansion of the Panama Canal. Retrieved from http://www. accenture. com/us-en/Pages/insight-2014-expansion-panama-canal. aspx Dredging Today (2012). USA: Miami Port dredging plan gets final environmental ok. Retrieved from http://www. dredgingtoday. com/2012/05/25/usa-miami-port-dredging-plan-gets-final-environmental-ok/ Jacksonville Port Authority. (2011). Anderson addresses Panama Canal expansion concerns. http://www. jaxport. com/about-jaxport/newsroom/news/anderson-addresses-panama-canal-expansion-concerns Marine Link. 2011). Panama Canal and Port Freeport (TX) sign MOU. Retrieved from http://www. marinelink. com/news/freeport-panama-canal340393. aspx Port Freeport (2012) Retrieved from http://www. portfreeport. com/about. htm Port of Miami. (2012). Deep Dredge Project. Retrieved from http://www. miamidade. gov/portofmiami/deep_dredge. asp Sabonge, R. , Wainio, R. , (2009) Proceedings from Talking Freight Seminar Series: The Panama Canal widening and implications for Gulf and Atlantic Coast ports. Retrieved from http://www. fhwa. dot. gov/planning/freight_planning/talking_freight/oct2109transcript. cfm

The Dash Familys Roles

The Dash Familys Roles The Dash Familys Roles The Dash Familys Roles By Mark Nichol The en dash is the oft-neglected middle sibling of the horizontal-line family of symbols that serve to connect words and numbers for various reasons. The em dash (- ) is the dashing member of the brood, used somewhat sparingly to indicate a sudden break in syntax- either to signal a shift in sentence construction, as here, or joining with a twin to frame a parenthetical word or phrase (just as a pair of commas would be used in the midst of a sentence or two parentheses would be employed anywhere). The smallest, the hyphen (-), is the busiest, indicating connections between words, such as when the phrase â€Å"highest scoring† is hyphenated to signal its combined modification of the word that follows in the phrase â€Å"highest-scoring player† or to link two numbers in reference to a score or vote. The en dash (–), however, sometimes steps in to take the place of the hyphen: It is employed when an open compound is part of the phrasal adjective, signaling that the entire compound, not just the last word in the compound, is linked to the next word, as in â€Å"Civil War–era artifacts† (rather than â€Å"Civil War-era† or â€Å"Civil-War-era†) or â€Å"Los Angeles–to–San Francisco flight† (rather than in â€Å"Los Angeles-to-San Francisco flight† or â€Å"Los-Angeles-to-San-Francisco flight†). Note, however, that open compounds need not be proper nouns, as this quip about an advertising agency with a name consisting of a sequence of initials demonstrates: â€Å"This alphabet soup–named firm helps get clients on the gravy train.† If a hyphen were used in place of an en dash here, the reference would (confusingly) be to a soup-named agency of an alphabet nature. (Also, some publishers, presumably for aesthetic reasons, employ en dashes in place of em dashes.) The other major function of an en dash, by the way, is to replace to to indicate a number range, as in â€Å"Answer quiz questions 1–10.† (Remember that because scores are not number ranges, a hyphen is the correct symbol for linking two totals.) In both types of usage, a hyphen is often erroneously employed in place of an en dash (though for the sake of simplicity, some publications, especially newspapers, deliberately avoid use of the en dash). Also, note that although both hyphens and en dashes are employed as minus signs, the minus sign is technically a distinct symbol that in formal publishing is set using a distinct code. In informal usage, an en dash, more equivalent in size to plus and equal signs than a hyphen, is preferable. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowEmpathy "With" or Empathy "For"?45 Idioms About the Number One

Common Muslim and Arab Stereotypes in TV and Film

Common Muslim and Arab Stereotypes in TV and Film Even before the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, Arab-Americans, Middle Easterners, and Muslims faced sweeping cultural and religious stereotypes. Hollywood films and television shows frequently depicted Arabs as villains, if not outright terrorists, and misogynistic brutes with backward and mysterious customs. Hollywood has largely portrayed Arabs as Muslims, overlooking the significant number of Christian Arabs in the United States and the Middle East. The media’s racial stereotyping of Middle Eastern people has allegedly produced unfortunate consequences, including hate crimes, racial profiling, discrimination, and bullying. Arabs in the Desert When Coca-Cola debuted a commercial during Super Bowl 2013 featuring Arabs riding camels in the desert, Arab-American groups werent pleased. This representation is largely outdated, much like Hollywood’s common portrayal of Native Americans as people in loincloths and war paint running through the plains. Camels and the desert can be found in the Middle East, but this portrayal has become stereotypical. In the Coca-Cola commercial, Arabs appear backward as they compete with Vegas showgirls and cowboys using more convenient forms of transportation to reach a giant bottle of Coke in the desert. â€Å"Why is it that Arabs are always shown as either oil-rich sheiks, terrorists, or belly dancers?† asked Warren David, president of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, during a Reuters interview about the commercial. Arabs as Villains and Terrorists There is no shortage of Arab villains and terrorists in Hollywood films and television programs. When the blockbuster â€Å"True Lies† debuted in 1994, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger as a spy for a secret government agency, Arab-American advocacy groups staged protests in major cities, including New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, because the film featured a fictional terrorist group called the â€Å"Crimson Jihad,† whose members, Arab-Americans complained, were portrayed as one-dimensionally sinister and anti-American. Ibrahim Hooper, then a spokesman for the Council on American-Islamic Relations, told The New York Times: â€Å"There is no clear motivation for their planting nuclear weapons. They are irrational, have an intense hatred for everything American, and that’s the stereotype you have for Muslims.† Arabs as Barbaric When Disney released its 1992 film â€Å"Aladdin,† Arab-American groups voiced outrage over the depiction of Arab characters. In the first minute, for example, the theme song declared that Aladdin hailed â€Å"from a faraway place, where the caravan camels roam, where they cut off your ear if they don’t like your face. Its barbaric, but hey, it’s home.† Disney changed the lyrics in the home video release after Arab-American groups blasted the original as stereotypical. But the song wasn’t the only problem advocacy groups had with the film. There was also a scene in which an Arab merchant intended to hack off the hand of a woman for stealing food for her starving child. Arab-American groups also took issue with the rendering of Middle Easterners in the film; many were drawn â€Å"with huge noses and sinister eyes,† The Seattle Times noted in 1993. Charles E. Butterworth, then a visiting professor of Middle East politics at Harvard University, told The Times that Westerners have stereotyped Arabs as barbaric since the Crusades. â€Å"These are the terrible people who captured Jerusalem and who had to be thrown out of the Holy City,† he said, adding that the stereotype seeped into Western culture over centuries and is found in Shakespeares works. Arab Women: Veils, Hijabs, and Belly Dancers Hollywood also has represented Arab women narrowly. For decades, women of Middle Eastern descent have been portrayed as scantily clad belly dancers and harem girls or as silent women shrouded in veils, similar to how Hollywood has portrayed Native American women as Indian princesses or squaws. The belly dancer and veiled female sexualize Arab women, according to the website Arab Stereotypes: â€Å"Veiled women and belly dancers are two sides of the same coin. On the one hand, belly dancers code Arab culture as exotic and sexually available. ... On the other hand, the veil has figured both as a site of intrigue and as the ultimate symbol of oppression.† Films such as Aladdin (2019), â€Å"Arabian Nights† (1942), and Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1944) are among a host of movies featuring Arab women as veiled dancers. Arabs as Muslims and Foreigners The media nearly always portray Arabs and Arab-Americans as Muslims, although most Arab-Americans identify as Christian and just 12 percent of the world’s Muslims are Arabs, according to PBS. In addition to being sweepingly identified as Muslims in film and television, Arabs are often presented as foreigners. The 2000 census (the latest for which data on the Arab-American population is available) found that nearly half of Arab-Americans were born in the U.S. and 75 percent speak English well, but Hollywood repeatedly portrays Arabs as heavily accented foreigners with strange customs. When not terrorists, Arab characters in films and television often are oil sheiks. Portrayals of Arabs born in the United States and working in mainstream professions, such as banking or teaching, remain rare. Resources and Further Reading: â€Å"Arab-Americans Protest True Lies.† New York Times, 16 July 1994. Scheinin, Richard. â€Å"‘Aladdin’ Politically Correct? Arabs, Muslims Say No Way ⠁  - Criticisms That Kid Movie Is Racist Takes Disney by Surprise.† Entertainment the Arts, Seattle Times, 14 Feb. 1994, 12:00 a.m. â€Å"Veils, Harems Belly Dancers.† Reclaiming Our Identity: Dismantling Arab Stereotypes, Arab American National Museum, 2011.