Chick Growth Enhancer Essay

ABSTRACT The study is entitled â€Å"Aloe Vera as Chick Growth Enhancer†. Specifically, it sought to find out the efficacy of Aloe Vera as a growth enhancer in broiler chicks. The study aims to produce a low-priced but high quality growth enhancer by using Aloe Vera as a main component. Twenty-one day old straight run broiler chicks were used in the study and were distributed to a cage with a dimension of (33 x 57). The cage was further subdivided into two cages for the different treatments with two birds per cage. Fresh leaves of Aloe Vera were then extracted, 5ml per liter of water. Feeding troughs and waters were also provided for each cage. The set up was composed of experimental and control group. The experimental group was being provided with water containing the Aloe Vera gel. In the other hand, the control group was being provided with only pure water. Data were collected to gather relevant information. The results obtained regarding performance of the broilers showed that Aloe Vera gel groups brought about higher body weight gain, growth, quality of feathers and immune system compared to the control group. From the investigation, the researchers would like to recommend this study to the people of the poultry business who would pursue the Aloe Vera as Chick Growth Enhancer to improve the performance of broiler chicks. Also, further research should be made especially on the right amounts of Aloe Vera in water to achieve a better mixture and produce a better product. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study would have been impossible without the support and encouragement of many individuals who have given their time, efforts and advice to this study: Mr. Ronel Deloso, their adviser, for having encouraged the researchers to pursue this project, having assisted them in the process of their experiment and for having shared his knowledge in writing this study; Their parents, Mr. and Mrs. Rony Vasquez, Mr. and Mrs. Stewart Ong, and Mr. Malvin Tan and Mrs. Mildred Nakila for the financial and moral support and for believing in them in all their endeavors; also to their friends, classmates and teachers for motivating them to continue this study; Their brothers, Gabrielle, Keith and Joshua for endlessly inspiring them and for offering their help, regardless if it’s big or small; Mr. Raffy K. Fortun, for assisting them in taking care of the chicks and for providing the cages needed for the experiment, for sharing them his expertise and for his suggestions and recommendations to improve the study; Mr. Glenn R. Galendez, for his undying support and faith in them that they were capable of accomplishing this study; and To Almighty God for the wisdom and perseverance that He has bestowed upon them and for endlessly showering them with blessings of strength and confidence to finish this study. CHAPTER I Broiler production is regarded to be one of the biggest and most progressive animal enterprises in the Philippines today. It represents 85 percent of poultry meat that Filipinos consume. As human population increases, the demand for poultry and poultry by products continue to rise. It is therefore advisable to source alternative ways to enhance and hasten animal’s growth. Aloe Vera is found helpful to this cause because it contains vitamins and minerals essential to improve the growth of broiler chicks. In this study, Aloe Vera is used as a growth enhancer substitute. Background of the Study Chicks are young chickens. They require special brooding and temperatures, as well as unique feed and care until they reach a more self-sufficient age. Furthermore, there is a high demand of chickens in the world not only in the Philippines but in the entire world. â€Å"Poultry production is considered one of the most common and very promising agricultural enterprises especially for low income farm families.† It offers several advantages to the raisers. Vitamins A, B and vitamin E, among other vitamins and minerals, are needed by chicks to grow. Aloe Vera is a house plant which comes from the family of lily. It is native to the eastern and southern part of Africa but it has spread throughout many of the warmer regions of the world like the Philippines. Physically, it is a short-stemmed plant that could grow from 80 to 100 cm tall, spreading by offsets and root sprouts. The leaves are lanceolate, thick and fleshy with thorny edges and with color ranging from deep green to grey - green. â€Å"Aloe vera is rich in vitamins and minerals. Specific vitamins include: Vitamin A (Beta-Carotene), Vitamin B1 (Thiamine), Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (Niacin), Vitamin B5, Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), Vitamin B12, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Choline, and Folic Acid. The vitamins A, C, and E are responsible for the aloe’s antioxidant activity while vitamin B and choline are involved in amino acid metabolism and vitamin B12 is required for the production and development of blood cells. Among the important minerals found in Aloe Vera are: calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, phosphorous,  sodium, and zinc. These minerals are essential for good health and are known to work in synergistic combinations with each other, with vitamins and other trace elements.† Objective of the Study This investigatory project primarily aims to test the efficacy of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) as a substitute growth enhancer in chicks. More specifically, the study espouses the following objectives: 1. To determine if there is a difference in: a. weight b. growth c. feathers d. immune system Scope and Limitation The study will be conducted at a small poultry farm where the chicks will be observed for 21 days. Fresh leaves of Aloe Vera will serve as the source of extract that will be used in this study. The sample will be freshly collected before extracting. The study focuses on how Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) leaves extract give potential as a substitute growth enhancer in chicks. Significance of the Study The study would answer the effectiveness of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) as Chick Growth Enhancer. The result of this study will provide information not only to the researchers but also to the people of the poultry business. CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature Lorenzo said that Aloe Vera leaf extract contains nutrients which enhance the growth of animals and even boost their immunity (davaoagribiz.da.gov.ph). Chung (2003) stated that vitamins must be present in sufficient quantities in the diet to ensure efficient utilization of carbohydrates, protein, fats, minerals, and water for health and maintenance and production function such as growth development and reproduction. Poultry Raising Guide (1975) cited that in the presence of stressful condition like the movement of the birds,  the presence of infection, sudden change of weather and feeding practices, vaccination, deworming and debeaking birds need to be supplemented with vitamins. Aloe gel contains substances known as glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Glycoproteins speed the healing process by stopping pain and inflammation, while polysaccharides stimulate skin growth and repair. These substances may also stimulate the immune system. This is according to University of Maryland (2013) Bejar and Colapo (2005) said that Aside from vitamins and minerals, aloe vera is rich with enzymes (help the breakdown of food sugars and fats), hormones (aid in healing and anti-inflammatory activities), sugars (i.e. glucose and fructose that provide anti-inflammatory activity), anthraquinones or phenolic compounds (aid absorption from gastro-intestinal tract and have antimicrobial and pain killing effects), lignin (increases the blood circulation), saponins (provide cleansing and antiseptic activity), sterols (antiseptic and analgesic), amino acids (basic building blocks of proteins in the production of muscle tissue), and salicylic acid (works as a pain killer).† Olupona et al. (2010) reported that Aloe Vera gel added to water (15, 20, 25 and 30 cm3/dm3) resulted in significant final body weight gain as well as in weekly body weight gain compared to control group. Several studies have shown antimicrobial properties of herb extracts (Cowan, 1999; Hammer et al., 1999) which can improve intestinal microflora population and enhance health in birds’ digestive systems through reduction in number of disease-making bacteria (Mitsch et al., 2004). Intestinal health is of great importance in poultry for improved performance and reduced feed conversion ratio (Montagne et al., 2003). Previous studies discovered different properties of Aloe Vera gel, including wound healing, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties (Boudreau and Beland, 2006; Reynolds and Dweck, 1999). CHAPTER III Methodology A total of twenty-one (21) day old straight run broiler chicks were used in the study and were distributed to a cage with a dimension of (57 x 33). The cage was further subdivided into two (2) cages for the different treatments with two (2) birds per cage. 3 days prior to the arrival of the chicks the  cages were prepared thoroughly and provided with electric bulb as heaters up to 3 weeks 21 days of age and until their feathers were fully developed. Fresh leaves of Aloe Vera were then extracted, 5ml per liter of water. Feeding troughs containing chick pellets and waterers were provided for each cage. The set up was composed of experimental and control group. The experimental group was being provided with water containing the Aloe Vera gel. On the other hand, the control group was being provided with only pure water. The observations in weight, growth, feathers and immune system was made weekly by the researchers. A digital weighing scale was used to measure the weight while a tape measure was used to determine the growth. The chicks were observed as starters (4-10 days), growers (10-15 days), and finishers (15-21) days. However, the final observations were made at the total experiment period. CHAPTER IV Results and Discussion Table 1 presents the results on the experiments on body weight gain. As seen in the table, the larger body weight gain was observed in the Aloe Vera group in the starter, grower and finisher, as well as the total experiment period. In the starter period, significant increase in body weight gain was observed in the both the Aloe Vera and control groups. However, in the grower and finisher periods, the larger body weight gain was observed in the Aloe Vera group compared to the control group. Finally, the results on body weight gain in the total period (day 21) showed a significant difference among the Aloe Vera and control group. In addition, the Aloe Vera gel groups experienced enhanced body weight gain compared to the control group. The results of the experiments on growth are shown in Table 2. Here, the Aloe Vera group showed higher level of growth in broilers. During the starter period both groups had the same measure of height in centimeters. Significant differences were observed in the grower and finisher periods that Aloe Vera indeed has an effect in the growth of broilers. Table 3 shows the results of treatments on feathers in broilers. As shown in the table, there was a significant difference observed between the two  groups. In the starter and grower periods, both groups had the same quality and color of feathers. It was observed however; in the finisher periods the control group had pale-looking feathers while the Aloe Vera group had a golden yellow color. The differences on immune system are presented in Table 4. During the starter period, there was no significant difference between the two groups. However, the stronger immune system was observed in the Aloe Vera group in the grower and finisher periods compared to the control group, which showed minor cases of skin lesions in the body. Table 1 (Weight) Starter Grower Finisher Total Experiment Period Aloe group 100 g 148.3 g 175 g 200 g Control group 100 g 145 g 170.5 g 160 g Table 2 (Growth) Starter Grower Finisher Total Experiment Period Aloe group 8 cm 12 cm 15 cm 18 cm Control group 8 cm 10.5 cm 13 cm 16 cm Table 3 (feathers) Starter Grower Finisher Total Experiment Period Aloe group Yellowish, Dry and fluffy Feathers are clean and yellowish, covers the entire body Yellowish, fluffy feathers Golden-yellow, healthy feathers Control group Yellowish, Dry and fluffy Signs of bald patches Visible bald patches Pale yellow, with bald patches Table 4 (Immune System) Starter Grower Finisher Total Experiment Period Aloe group Healthy No diseases Little skin lesions Healthy Control group Healthy Skin lesions begin to appear Skin lesions have spread Lack of nourishment CHAPTER V Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation Summary The study is entitled â€Å"Aloe Vera as Chick Growth Enhancer†. It focused on making a low priced but high quality growth enhancer in broiler chicks. It was conducted for the main purpose of evaluating and comparing the quality of Aloe Vera as a growth enhancer in terms of body weight gain, growth, feathers, and immune system. A total of twenty-one (21) day old straight run broiler chicks were used in the study and were distributed to a cage with a dimension of (57 x 33). The cage was further subdivided into two (2) cages for the different treatments with two (2) birds per cage. 3 days prior to the arrival of the chicks the cages were prepared thoroughly and provided with electric bulb as heaters up to 3 weeks 21 days of age and until their feathers were fully developed. Fresh leaves of Aloe Vera were then extracted, 5ml per liter of water. Feeding troughs containing chick pellets and waterers were provided for each cage. The set up was composed of experimental and control group. The experimental group was being provided with water containing the Aloe Vera gel. On the other hand, the control group was being provided with only pure water. The observations in weight, growth, feathers and immune system was made weekly by the researchers. . A digital weighing scale was used to measure the weight while a tape measure was used to determine the growth. The chicks were observed as starters (4-10 days), growers (10-15 days), and finishers (15-21) days. The results obtained regarding performance of the broilers showed that Aloe Vera gel groups brought about higher body weight  gain, growth, quality of feathers and immune system compared to the control group. The differences were then illustrated in a table. From the investigation, the researchers would like to recommend this study to the people of the poultry business who would pursue the Aloe Vera as Chick Growth Enhancer to improve the performance of broiler chicks. Also, further research should be made especially on the right amounts of Aloe Vera in water to achieve a better mixture and produce a better product. Conclusion Finally, it can be concluded that the group treated by Aloe Vera gel showed better performance compared to the control group. Furthermore, among the two groups, the Aloe Vera group experienced higher level of body weight gain, growth, quality of feathers, and immune system. Recommendation From the investigation, the researchers would like to recommend this study to the people of the poultry business who would pursue the Aloe Vera as Chick Growth Enhancer to improve the performance of broiler chicks. Also, further research should be made especially on the right amounts of Aloe Vera in water to achieve a better mixture and produce a better product. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bejar, Feliciano R.; Colapo, Remedies P. (2005) Growth Performance and Sensory Evaluation of Broilers Supplemented with Aloe Vera ( Aloe barbadensis miller) Extract in Drinking Water. Boudreau, M.D., Beland, F. A., 2006. An evaluation of the biological and toxicological properties of Aloe barbadensis (miller), Aloe vera. J. Environ. Sci. Heal. C 24:103-154. Cowan, M.M., 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12: 564-582. Darabighane, Babak (2011) Effects of different levels of Aloe vera gel as an alternative to antibiotic on performance and ileum morphology in broilers. Italian Journal of Animal Science. Licensee PAGEPress, Italy Vol 10, No 3 [eISSN 1828-051X] Dela Cruz, Rita T. (2006) Extracts from Aloe: Not Only a natural Healer also a Poultry Growth Enhancer. BAR Digest. Vol. 8 No. 2. Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F., Riley, T.V., 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plants extracts. J. Appl. Microbiol. 86:985-990. Ehrlich, Steven D. (201 3) Aloe Medical Reference Guide. University of Maryland Medical System. MD 21201 Lorenzo, Elias (unknown) Aloe Vera Found Beneficial to Poultry. Davao Agri Biz. Mitsch, P. (2004). The effect of two different blends of essential oil components on the proliferation of Clostridium perfringens in the intestines of broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 83:669-675. Montagne, L. (2003) A review of interactions between dietary ï ¬ bre and the intestinalmucosa, and their consequences on digestive health in young non-ruminant animals. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 108:95-117. Olupona, J.A. Effect of Aloe Vera Juice Application Through Drinking Water on Performance pp 42-43 in Proc. Reynolds, T., Dweck, A.C., (1999). Aloe vera leaf gel: a review update. J. Ethnopharmacol. 68:3-37.

Communication Actitivy Essay

As a new auditor for the CPA firm of Croix, Marais, and Kale, you have been assigned to review the internal controls over mail cash receipts of Manhattan Company. Your review reviews the following: checks are promptly endorsed â€Å"For Deposits Only†, but no list of the checks is prepared by the person opening the mail. The mail is opened either by the cashier or by the employee who maintains the accounts receivable records. Mail receipts are deposited in the bank weekly by the cashier. Instructions: Write a letter to Jerry Mays, owner of the Manhattan company explaining the weaknesses in internal control and your recommendations for improving the system. 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However, a weakness of the process lies in the fact that no duplicate of the list of the checks that are received is prepared by the person opening the mail. This is an example of a document procedure flaw in the process and an  internal control weakness. Without the preparation of a duplicate list as well as signing for the receipt of the checks, there is no trace that the event of receipt of the checks has occurred. By requiring signatures and preparing a duplicate list of the checks, the Company can identify the individual responsible for the event. To this internal control weakness, we would recommend the establishment of responsibility, where only a designated person – a mail receipt clerk will be authorized to handle checks received via mail. The mail receipt clerk should prepare in duplicate, a list of the checks received each day and sign the list to establish responsibility for the receipt of the data. As part of the process, the original copy of the list, along with the checks should be sent to the cashier’s department for the preparation of the daily cash summary. Additionally, the mail receipt clerk should send a copy of the list to the treasurer’s office, if there is one for reconciliation purposes with the daily cash summary. As mentioned above, we observed that the mail is opened by the cashier or by the employee who maintains the accounts receivable records. This is a flaw in the internal control of the process related to the segregation of duties or separation of function. The cashier’s office is responsible for the preparation of the daily cash summary and thus should not be the same person opening the mail of cash receipts, which is a related activity. Different individuals should be responsible for any related activity. A dishonest cashier can understate the recording of the mail cash receipts and report a different amount on the daily cash summary for personal benefits. Accordingly, we would recommend the establishment of responsibility, where only a designated person – a mail receipt clerk will be authorized to handle checks received via mail. Additionally, we recommend the segregation of duties, where different individuals receive the mail cash, record the receipts and hold the cash. This will ensure that different individuals are responsible for any related activity and that the responsibility for record keeping for the cash is separate from the physical custody of the cash. Finally, we also observed that the cashier deposits mail receipts in the bank weekly. The internal storage of cash on the premises of the Company is not advisable for obvious reasons- theft, robbery, and unauthorized access. Employees with other intentions can alert external cohorts to raid or rob the Company at night or at another time to gain access to the cash stored on  the premises. Additionally, the storage of the cash on the premises presents a â€Å"working hazard† for the employees as outsiders wanting to gain access to the cash may subject them to unwanted raids. The use of a bank on a daily basis contributes significantly to good internal control over cash. The company can safeguard the cash on a daily basis by using a bank as a depository and thus minimizing the amount of currency that the Company has on hand at any point in time during the week. Additionally, the use of the bank on the daily basis facilitates the control of cash because it creates a double record of all bank transactions – one by the Company and one by the bank. Also we recommend that all receipts be deposited in the bank on a daily basis versus the current practice of weekly deposits. In summary, if management implements the above recommendations, the Company will be in a better position to safeguard its assets from employee theft, robbery, and unauthorized use. Additionally, the company’s accounting records will be enhanced in its accuracy and reliability as a result of the reduction in the risk of errors and irregularities. We are available to further discuss with Company management and hope that the recommendations will be implemented as soon as practicable. We look forward to working with management on this initiative. Reference Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., & Kieso, D. E. (2008). Financial accounting: 2010 custom edition (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

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Management - Essay Example Like most economies, the UK practices a system where most critical social services are provided by the government (Engineers, 2008). Education and healthcare sectors are some of the areas where the government plays very imperative roles. However, with a growing budget deficit that continues to raise concerns, austerity measures become inevitable. The United Kingdom, with its expanding public sector coupled with a growing population, has been forced to borrow severally to finance its budget deficits. Such continued borrowing may have long-term impacts on the economy considering that the debts have to be repaid. In such a case, the austerity measures advocated for by most policy advisors become necessary. It certainly becomes a plus to the many private firms across the country as new opportunities will emerge in product and service delivery. However, in light of the recent street protests against the proposals to cut government spending, several considerations emerge. Several hospitals in the UK are already bogged down by numbers courtesy of the cuts that greatly impact on the quality of social services. The education system in the country has for several years been one of the best in the world (Al-Mazrouei, 2001). This attribute emerges out of the great support that the government allocates to the basic services like education, water and healthcare. It therefore becomes imperative that several considerations be made before any major government spending is practicated. In most cases, increased taxes are normally dreaded by the public. Nevertheless, a government that effectively uses the tax money on proper policies that impact positively on the masses certainly faces little antipathy towards its social reform policies. The UK’s situation in indeed one of the most notable cases in the entire world. It demands greater government intervention which can only be attained through proper spending policies. In its bid to exercise its mandate in the establishment o f the lending base rate that guides the interest rates in England, the Bank of England’s monetary policy Committee faces myriad challenges in its approach to the whole issue (Tennant, 2009). The essence of setting the base rate is basically to ensure price stability in the country and to limit variations in the various interest rates across the country. In light of the emerging economic challenges that continue to bedevil the world, it is inevitable that economic priorities too need to change with a view of addressing the whole issue. Currently, the Committee’s main focus is keeping the interest rates at the basement levels with a view of economic expansion. In the recent years, it is indeed true that an inflation overshot has characterized the UK economy as the Banks pretence that the situation will return to normalcy in two years only help to escalate the tensions that emerge in policy circles. However, in view of this challenge, the basic challenge that confronts th e Bank of England needs to be understood. The excess price and output volatilities are issues that must be addressed in tandem with the inflationary extremities (Giuseppi, 2008). The high inflation rates in the country have greatly influenced the performance of many firms. As the borrowing rates become unbearable, most commercial firms are reconsidering their

EXPLAIN WHY AL-GHAZALI ATTACKED PHILOSOPHY SO FIERCELY Essay

EXPLAIN WHY AL-GHAZALI ATTACKED PHILOSOPHY SO FIERCELY - Essay Example This paper will explicate on the essential question of whether al-Ghazali attacked philosophy out of self ambitions or he was safeguarding Islam from moral corruption by Islamic philosophy. First, The Incoherence of Philosophers, a text via which he voices his disregard for Islamic philosophy, must be analyzed. Despite the fact that philosophy had a small following, it was swiftly gaining momentum. Second, it is essential to point out that al-Ghazali did not harbor any qualms with the philosophy, falsafa, rather he had reservations pertaining to its application in answering certain religious questions. He questioned the methodology with which philosophy was being applied in the Islamic religion. His attack on Islamic philosophy might be sourced from; his ambitions for reviving Islamic science, his belief that Islamic philosophers did not comprehend the basis for third, it s important to show that Aristotle’s teachings and his opinion that Islamic philosophy was propagating mor al corruption. Third, the analysis will show that his critique of philosophy is fashioned in three fronts: eternity of the world, resurrection of the body and knowledge of God on particulars. In an effort to comprehend the framework within which al-Ghazali attacked philosophy, it is essential to understand the history of philosophy in the Islamic religion. Philosophy was introduced into the Arab world via translation of Greek texts by Christian scholars (Armstrong, K. 2002). This act of translation was further compounded by writing commentary texts on the Greek articles. All these factors, combined, culminated in a slow but steady assimilation of Greek scientific and philosophical learning. The explanation for the significantly low number of adherents of this discipline is sourced from the difficulties that were encountered when training in this philosophy. Al-Ghazali’s main target in his attack of philosophy was centered on philosophers Ibn Sina and al-Farabi (Netton,

Macbeth - explain in an essay format how I would direct Act2, Scene1 Essay Example for Free

Macbeth explain in an essay format how I would direct Act2, Scene1 Essay I am now going to explain in an essay format how I would direct Act2, Scene1 and what I would change from how the play has been originally shown. If I was directing Act 2 Scene 1, I would want Macbeth to appear to the audience as if he is cracking under the pressure and for him to appear insane, unhappy and insecure. Macbeth acts different from when we first saw him with Banquo, as now he is about to commit a crime of treason and kill his beloved King. This is very different from when we first saw him as he loved his King and he would die for him but now it is in reverse. This is important that the audience understand he is very different and not the same person due to his greed for power. It is imperative that he is portrayed this way so the audience can see he is weaker and worse of especially as his wife, Lady Macbeth has been pressuring him in to completing his task of murdering King Duncan. If it was not for his wife then I do not think that Macbeth would have gone through with it. This change in Macbeths character will hopefully have an affect on the audience so they can see how the three witches and his wife have affected him and his state of mind. Macbeth is realizing that he is weaker than he thought and that he is making a mistake, he doesnt want to commit the murder but his wife pushes and pressures him into killing his King. This shows the audience that at this time Lady Macbeth is stronger than Macbeth and in a better state of mind. He starts to imagine things and this is a sign of him being insane, and mentally unstable. Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me Clutch thee. p. 43 This speech is important in the understanding of Macbeths role in this scene. So I would want Macbeth to be sitting at the end of a table and to say this in such a way that the audience can see him turning mentally insane. I would want him saying the sentence slowly and negatively, emphasising toward as if he is surprised about it, also holding a dagger infront of him looking at it up and down with eyes that look blurred feeling the blade. Also I would want a low-angled shot showing him overcastting the camera to give that extra touch of madness during the first line. Then I would also have a close up of him holding the dagger to get his face and dagger in the same camera shot for the last two lines. To add to the tension of this speech there would be music playing in the background that would be farley heavy to give the impression of evil and what is about to happen. This will make the audience grasp his character and understand what he is going through at this time in the play. After this speech I would have had Macbeth walking up the stairs with the dagger looking bedazzled and insane and then I would have him raise it above his head as he reached the top of the stairs. After he comes out of the room I would have him looking down at his hands ready to brake down and crumble at his knees. Once he reaches his room I would have him collapse onto the bed and lay there feeling guilty. Also when he looks at his hands I would have him start to shed tears to show that he is a wimp and insecure.

The issue of ecology Essay Example for Free

The issue of ecology Essay The issue of ecology as a transnational issue has become highlighted with the intensification of world trade. As such, it becomes a global responsibility and a consideration in developing trade policies. As the primary governing body of international trade, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has been one of the pioneers in equating environmental responsibility with trade (Deal, 2002). At the same time there, has been regional efforts to standardize environmental laws to mitigate the impact of development in shared environs as illustrated by the efforts of the European Union (EU), North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) (Sampson, 1998). One of the efforts made by the WTO is the development of the Kyoto Protocol which is aiming to mitigate environmental issue particularly global warming by establishing a trade system for emissions. However, there has been a difficulty in the implementation of the regulation because of varying views on the policies as well as difficulty in monitoring emissions. At the same time, there have been some issues regarding the institution of multilateral agreements that are contradicting or undermining the Kyoto Protocol or the status of most favored nations (MFN) (Brewer, 2004). Focus For WTO members, the use of energy tax adjustments could have significant implications. The issue raises difficult environmental, trade policy issues, economic issues. It also raise the internalization of environmental costs and the â€Å"polluter pays† principle, the effects on trade competitiveness and relationship between the multilateral environmental agreements and WTO agreements. The main issue that whether Article III: 2 first provisions of the 1994 GATT or the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade ponders the use of border tax adjustment (BTA) on â€Å"final† products for taxes on the manufacture of inputs. Albeit the decision in Superfund case, discussed in the latter of this section, the question will turn on a proper analysis of the taxes â€Å"applied, directly or indirectly, to â€Å"the like products to be compared, as opposed to the overall â€Å"fiscal burden† on producers from taxes on inputs. The Kyoto Protocol and the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade In December 1997, the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention was adopted. Under Kyoto Protocol, only Annex 1 countries are subject to legally binding emissions reduction commitments for the commitment period 2008-2012 in post-2000 scenario. Annex 1 parties or developed countries have to meet individual emission reduction targets listed in Annex B of the Protocol. Developing countries or non-Annex 1 parties are not subject to specific emission reduction commitments. Though over 120 countries have ratified the Protocol but the Protocol has yet to come into force. U. S. A and other developed countries have to date indicated an intention not to ratify the Protocol. Another contention is with regards to Article 1, II, VI and VII of the GATT and their potential implication with border tax adjustments. Further, energy tax adjustments may be challengeable under Article XXIII: 1 [b] of 1994. Finally, Panel approach to WTO-consistency will be governed by the reasonableness of the specific measure and its appreciation of the wider international implications. Energy tax adjustments as per Article III: 2 first sentences could offer potentially broad scope for countries to apply energy tax adjustments as disguised barriers to trade. Such results would do little to serve the objectives of either the WTO multilateral trading system or the international response to climatic change. Border Tax Adjustment Border Tax Adjustment [BTA] is a tax levied on imported products to adjust or compensate for taxes levied on domestic product. The main goal of BTA is to ensure trade neutrality of domestic taxation and thereby safeguarding competitive equality between imported and domestic goods. BTA is not necessarily levied at the border and imports may be taxed at the point of sale or consumption. Sales tax, consumption taxes or excise duties, value added taxes are examples of domestic taxes that might be subject to BTA. Likewise, a BTA on imported energy products such as imported natural gas or diesel fuel and other fossil fuels for domestic excise duties would fall within this group. Though the taxes on energy have been levied by governments for fiscal purpose for long time, now there has been a change in trend to levy â€Å"energy tax† mainly for â€Å"environmental† purpose. Energy tax is being levied on energy inputs such as coal ,electricity or gasoline which in turn calculated in value terms , or on the basis of its content of carbon of fossil fuels which is also known as â€Å"carbon taxes†. As of now, there exists no border tax adjustment scheme in place for taxes on energy inputs employed in the production of final products. However, European and other high energy taxing governments are contemplating to introduce such measures in near future due to the pressure exerted by environmental and industry groups. But there are increasing pressures from environmental groups to enforce strictly trade measures to enforce Kyoto Protocol objectives against non-signatories like United States. These environment groups regard the U. S. rejection of the Kyoto protocol is unfair as it places the European business at a disadvantage. They argue that Europe has the right to penalize the U. S goods for the pollution they cause under â€Å"Polluters pay â€Å"policy. Cases for Consideration A BTA can be applied on final goods or on inputs used in the production process. An example is the border tax adjustment on imports of aluminum’s for taxes on energy used in the production process as taxes are being levied on embodied energy in the final good that are adjusted, as opposed to taxes on the final goods itself. These measures are regarded as contentious with linkage to WTO trade and environmental debate. Albeit the Appellate body’s findings in the United States – Shrimp dispute, the exercise of trade measures applied on the basis of process and production methods (PPM) – in this case embodied taxes, carbon or energy –remains highly contentious. BTA for domestic taxes on energy inputs also raise significant equity and sovereignty concerns on the use of trade measures to inflict domestic environmental or taxation systems on other countries. Super Fund The case is against levy of superfund tax by U. S. A on petrochemicals and other chemicals and inputs when imported and sold in U. S and no tax is levied when it is exported out of U. S. U. S claimed that the aim of the tax was to compensate the cleaning up cost of hazardous waste sites and towards public health programs. When an importer fails to provide the details of input which he imported, then a penalty tax rate of 5 % was imposed. The GATT panel ruled that the tax on imported substance was a tax ‘directly imposed on products’ and hence eligible for border tax adjustments. The panel held the US super tax would be consistent with the Article III: 2 first sentence as long as it is equivalent to tax borne by the like domestic substances. The U. S direction to provide the information of inputs may make such information available to trade competitors and would have a real effect in discouraging trade. In this case, it appeared that neither the GATT Panel nor the parties sought to distinguish between the tax applied to the imported products, the like domestic products or the chemical products used in the production of the like domestic products. The Panel seemed to accept the US argument that the imported product and that the like domestic product was subject to the same â€Å"fiscal burden†.

The Cold War Causes And Effects History Essay

The Cold War Causes And Effects History Essay The Cold War was not a military conflict, but was an ongoing political conflict involving both military and economic competition. The evolvement of the Cold War began during and after World War I, although the official beginning of the Cold War was in 1945, at the Yalta Conference. The causes of the Cold War were many, but can be summed up as a battle between capitalism and communism, along with President Trumans disliking Joseph Stalin, the desire of Russia to spread communism throughout the world, Russias fear of Americas A bomb, America refusing to share its nuclear secrets, Russias fear of an attack from America, the need for Russia to secure its western border, and the expansion of Russia into Eastern Europe. In the 1920s and on into the 1930s, America stayed its course with non-recognition of the Soviet Union. In addition, spreading word of the Soviet Unions support for anti-American activities in China and in Latin America, was not helping. The situation continued to deteriorate. The containment strategy came about in 1946, when George Kennan, a diplomat at the US Embassy in Moscow, sent a telegram referred to as the Long Telegram, on February 22. He also published an anonymous article from a July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs. His concluded that the policies of the U.S. in relation to the Soviets, would need to be made with a long term perspective. Kennan felt that President Franklin Roosevelt had based the dealings of the United States with the Soviet Union, on assumptions that, in his mind, were completely off base. President Roosevelt believed that with Joseph Stalin no longer calling all the shots, the Soviet Union would want the same things as America and her allies. Kennan did not agree. He concluded that resolution would be a careful and lengthy process. America would need to be both patient and vigilant where the Soviet Union was concerned. On March 12, 1947, in an effort to stop the continuing spread of communism, President Harry S. Truman gave a speech, in which he presented his foreign policy, supporting Free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. This speech, made before Congress, was a clear expression of the policies of his administration and was known as The Truman Doctrine. In June 1947, in a speech at Harvard, Secretary of State, George Marshall presented the Marshall Plan, offering financial aid from America. The purpose was to help Europes economy recover from damage done by World War II.. This good will offer was immediately rejected by the Soviet Union. Europe was allowed to spend the financial aid however they wanted as long as they did not use it to buy military supplies. The CIA, also created in 1947, was to secretly funnel money to noncommunist parties, labor unions, news publications, and charitable organizations. This effort did help to limit the influence of pro-communist organizations thus hindering the spread of communism to some degree. To ensure European defense resources were safe, the United States formed the articles of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This committed the United States. to military engagement in Europe. The treaty further stated an attack on any member of NATO would be considered an attack against all. The United Nations was created to serve as the peace-keepers and ensure global safety. Other events affected the progression of the Cold War. Beginning in 1945, when the United States dropped the first atomic bomb in Japan. This caused animosity and suspicion from the Soviet Union. America was not only engaged in a nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union but were also not competing in the race for space. In October 1962 the U.S. and the Soviet Union were on the brink of a nuclear war. Cuba housed Soviet missiles which was unacceptable to the United States. President John F. Kennedy had them removed. In order to gain control over Berlin, the Soviet Union blocked the railways of the Western allies in hopes of Berlin being dependent on them for food and resources. Western allies formed and organization to fly food and supplies by aircraft to West Berlin. Soon after the Soviet Union lifted the blockade in May of 1949, resulting in the split of Germany into two states. The unification of Germany was October 1990 due to the Berlin Wall coming down. The Cold War ended in 1991 after the Soviet Union crumbled. I believe The Cold War was inevitable and could not have been avoided because its simply a struggle between two fundamentally different political and economical systems, Capitalism versus Communism.

Escaping the Cage of Marriage in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essays

Escaping the Cage of Marriage in A Doll House      Ã‚  Ã‚   A bird may have beautiful wings, but within a cage, the beautiful wings are useless. Within the cage, the bird is not fulfilling the potential for which it was created - it is merely a household decoration.   In Ibsen's symbolic play A Doll House, Nora is the bird, and her marriage is the cage. Externally, Nora is a beautiful creature entertaining her husband with the beautiful images of a docile wife, but internally, she is a desperate creature longing to explore her potential outside the cage of her marriage. In a society dominated by the expectations of men, Nora must choose between the obligations determined by her role as wife in opposition to the obligations of self, in determining her true identity. Within the context of love, she commits forgery, and through this deception, discovers her marriage is nothing more than an illusion, and she nothing more than a doll within Torvald's house. In Act I, the Christmas tree symbolizes the Helmer's marriage. Externally, the tree is beautifully decorated, but internally it is dying because the tree has no roots to feed it. Nora and Helmer are playing the roles that society has taught them. He is the strong provider and protector; Nora is the helpless little woman who depends on him. Like the Christmas tree, the Helmer's marriage is just an image of beauty, dying on the inside. After Krogstad informs Nora that he intends to blackmail her, she tells the maid to bring her the tree and set it in the middle of the floor (center stage) (1581). Nora begins to decorate the tree:    [I'll put c]andles here [and] flowers here. That terrible creature! Talk, talk, talk! There's nothing to it at all. The tree [is] going to be lo... ...ond the cage, the beautiful wings carry the bird into a life worth living. A life where the birds have the opportunity to accomplish the obligations of their creation is the only life worth living.    Works Cited Baruch, Elaine Hoffman. "Ibsen's Doll House: A Myth for Our Time." The Yale Review 69 (1980): 374-387. Gray, Ronald, ed. Ibsen-A Dissenting View: A Study of the Last Twelve Plays. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1961. Ibsen, Henrick. A Doll House. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. 5th   ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 1564-1612. Northram, John. "Ibsen's Search for the Hero." Ibsen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Rolf Fjelde. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1965. 107-113. Templeton, Joan. "The Doll House Backlash: Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA   104.1(1989): 28-40. Escaping the Cage of Marriage in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essays Escaping the Cage of Marriage in A Doll House      Ã‚  Ã‚   A bird may have beautiful wings, but within a cage, the beautiful wings are useless. Within the cage, the bird is not fulfilling the potential for which it was created - it is merely a household decoration.   In Ibsen's symbolic play A Doll House, Nora is the bird, and her marriage is the cage. Externally, Nora is a beautiful creature entertaining her husband with the beautiful images of a docile wife, but internally, she is a desperate creature longing to explore her potential outside the cage of her marriage. In a society dominated by the expectations of men, Nora must choose between the obligations determined by her role as wife in opposition to the obligations of self, in determining her true identity. Within the context of love, she commits forgery, and through this deception, discovers her marriage is nothing more than an illusion, and she nothing more than a doll within Torvald's house. In Act I, the Christmas tree symbolizes the Helmer's marriage. Externally, the tree is beautifully decorated, but internally it is dying because the tree has no roots to feed it. Nora and Helmer are playing the roles that society has taught them. He is the strong provider and protector; Nora is the helpless little woman who depends on him. Like the Christmas tree, the Helmer's marriage is just an image of beauty, dying on the inside. After Krogstad informs Nora that he intends to blackmail her, she tells the maid to bring her the tree and set it in the middle of the floor (center stage) (1581). Nora begins to decorate the tree:    [I'll put c]andles here [and] flowers here. That terrible creature! Talk, talk, talk! There's nothing to it at all. The tree [is] going to be lo... ...ond the cage, the beautiful wings carry the bird into a life worth living. A life where the birds have the opportunity to accomplish the obligations of their creation is the only life worth living.    Works Cited Baruch, Elaine Hoffman. "Ibsen's Doll House: A Myth for Our Time." The Yale Review 69 (1980): 374-387. Gray, Ronald, ed. Ibsen-A Dissenting View: A Study of the Last Twelve Plays. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1961. Ibsen, Henrick. A Doll House. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. 5th   ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 1564-1612. Northram, John. "Ibsen's Search for the Hero." Ibsen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Rolf Fjelde. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1965. 107-113. Templeton, Joan. "The Doll House Backlash: Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA   104.1(1989): 28-40.

Did The Western World Do Enough For The Jews In The Holocaust? :: European Europe History

Did The Western World Do Enough For The Jews In The Holocaust? "When they came for the gypsies, I did not speak, for I am not a gypsy. When they came for the Jews, I did not speak, because I wasn't a Jew. When they came for the Catholics, I did not speak, for I am not a Catholic. And when they came for me, there was no one left to speak." On the Wall at the Holocaust Museum in Washington It is impossible to learn about the Holocaust and the Second World War without the question of how it possibly could have happened arising, and along with that question comes another. The question of whether or not the Western World did enough to help the Jews in Europe. What was their reaction to the campaign of systematic persecution, robbery and murder the Third Reich inflicted upon the Jewish people? During the time leading up to the outbreak of World War II, the Western Press consistently carried numerous reports of the German's anti-Jewish policies and their purposeful victimization of the Jews living in Nazi Germany as well as the annexed territories. The general public cannot claim that they did not know what was going on, that they were uninformed. Whether or not they chose to believe it however, is a completely different story. The public were indeed outraged in many of the cases but the governments of the major European democracies felt that it was not for them to intervene for they felt that the Jewish problem classified as an internal affair within a sovereign state. The truth behind this is simply that the governments were anxious to establish cordial relations with Germany and didn't want to cause any hostility. Thus they stood idly by and remained silent as Hitler went from denying the Jews of their civil rights to denying them of their means of earning their daily br ead. As much as they wanted to remain neutral, the countries of the Western World were finally forced to take a stand on the issue of emigration of Jews from the Reich who were seeking refuge. The United States maintained strict immigration quotas which severely limited the number of Central and Eastern Europeans admitted to the country each year. Even under such extreme circumstances, the US insisted on adhering to these policies and refused to modify them even slightly.

Jeanette Wintersons View on Life Essay -- Winterson Writing Essays

Jeanette Winterson's View on Life A writer's style should be distinctive. Indeed, if it isn't distinctive, then it isn't a style. A creative person is someone who imagines what other people cannot. Their value to us lies in expanding our own possibilities. Walls fall. We break out. Art releases what was lost. Jeanette Winterson Sometimes it seems that our lives have been watered down. That somehow we have been cheated of the true meaning of what is before us. Especially here in America, millions of people live comfortable lifestyles: they have money, they have place, they have success. But still many of us are bored and unhappy. We wake up every morning, go to work, go to school, and come home without feeling a thing. We are de facto disenchanted and nobody really knows why. Our imagination dies long before our bodies die. Jeanette Winterson is a writer whose work seems to be aimed at changing this for herself and, if we will listen to her, perhaps for us as well. Winterson reveals both the beauty and the horror with which we are confronted on a daily basis. She shows us new universes within our own, and parallel universes outside our own. Her writing teaches us to read between the lines of our everyday lives. Even when this is not an obvious message delivered through the content of her stories, we find it within her language. Her words reveal and unfold layers of unrealized meaning on every page, until the reader is gently lowered back into his or her own world with a new fascination and awe for what already existed. Winterson's writing rejects our conventional perception of life. She reveals the shallow fulfillment inherent in traditional values, expands our notion of time and reality, and gives us new insig... ...he is sick of our houses with ceilings and no floors and wants us to build houses instead with floors and no ceilings, houses that deny limits and embrace sheltered truths that help us deny the limits. She sees the power and beauty in both imagination and reality, and she finds no need to distinguish between the two, as both exist co-dependently, like structural elements of a house with no ceiling. In short, Jeanette Winterson wants to release, through her own art, the love for life that has been lost. She writes for our very lives and hers. Works Cited Kakutani, Michiko. "A Journey Through Time, Space, and Imagination." New York Times 27 Apr. 1990: C33. Winterson, Jeanette. Art & Lies. London: Cape, 1994. The Passion. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1998. The World and Other Places. New York: Vintage, 2000. Written On The Body. London: Cape, 1992.

Case review natalie

Do you think this Is his/her primary problem? Why or why not? Presenting problems: Natalie came In for â€Å"concerns about her boyfriend, Larry Watkins, over the past six months†. She reported that she has â€Å"been so upset that she hasn't been able to function at work and her coworkers told her she needs to get some help†. No, this is not her primary problem.Client stated that she felt so depressed and empty that she didn't think she could stand it and also notes that she hates herself. Client additionally indicated â€Å"there's Just nothing worth living for and I hate everyone and everything† Furthermore, she specified how she's been suicidal and felt worthless and hopeless and Just wants to end it all and in fact indicates she has a history of attempts. She also noted that she was having financial difficulties. And of course as we know has BAD. . What are some of his/her strengths? Natalie Is a college graduate, has a Job as an administrative assistant, ap pears to be able to convey her feelings in an (at least somewhat) articulate manner, so far has been open and honest to our knowledge, ND realizes she needs assistance and Is willing to get help. 3. What potential diagnoses would you want to rule out in this case? Mood disorder – depression or possibly manic depression (bi-polar) and other personality disorders. 4.What resources might be helpful for him/her to access? Suicide hotlist, some type of self-help meetings, employment services, medical doctor, family therapist or another therapist besides you, and/or psychiatrist. 5. What Is your preliminary diagnosis for helm/her? A. Borderline personality Disorder (BAD) 301. 83 (OFF. 3) b. NOSE unspecified personality Disorder 301. (OFF. 9) c. ROI unspecified Depressive Disorder 296. 20 (82. 9) or 296. 30 (OFF. 9) d. ROI suicidal Behavior Disorder (not yet coded) e.Frequent use of devaluation f. Frequent use of passive aggression g. Frequent use of displacement h. Frequent use of splitting B. SECT. II a. VIA NO/DXL b. As stated by client she was In a car accident and totaled her car. C. Refer to a physician for complete physical. A. ZOO. O Relationship distress with spouse or intimate partner b. ZOO. 5 Personal history of self-harm c. VIA. 2 Low income d. VIA. 20 Parent-child relational problem D. SECT. A. HOWDAHS

Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung(Dav)

convention B (specific c atomic number 18er information) r pope frame/Title butt on Management in Manufacturing/ OPIM 656 Program MBA (e. g. MBA or Ph. D. Required or elective Elective Instructor(s) Name and email address Anita Tucker emailprotected upenn. du Number of sectionify sessions in tier 26 continuation of each signifier (minutes) 80 true number of students enrolled in recent 37 course offerings. Textbook Used No Misc. Instructor comments around course OPIM 656 /SYS 522 crop Management in Manufacturing F totally 2004 Monday-Wednesday, 300-430 p. m. (JMHH 255) Revision date 9/7/04 Professor Anita L. Tucker emailprotected upenn. edu JMHH 551 (215) 573-8742 exp atomic number 53 and only(a)nt Hours M 930-1200 W 1030-1200 (or by appointment) Brief Course DescriptionThis 26-session course builds on the c one mpts introduced in OPIM 631 and OPIM 632 to stress how organizations jackpot develop and leverage excellence in turn concern. This course routines a versatile set of result studies from manufacturing and assistance organizations in the United States, Australia, Japan, and Europe. Two modules comprise this course. The low gear 13 sessions focus on out evolutions dodge. In these revisales, we examine what constitutes an employment trading exercises dodge and how organizations mickle create assess by managing complexity, uncertainty, and crossroad development.We also examine sales outlets related to to scaling up a confederations operations and repugns to capturing the value created outweare operations. In the second half of the course, we cont residue recent developments in both manufacturing and service industries, with an emphasis on the importance of bring excellence in achieving and maintaining agonistic advantage. Specifically, we examine initiatives in spirit (i. e. 6-sigma) and magazine-Based Competition/JIT. As applications, the course drives substantial recent advances in opening-wide planning (ERP) brasss, cede chain bring forth and B2B inter poses.These may be viewed as attempts to aline enterprise processes with node require and mart structures and to assure continuous advancement of these processes once designed. In manufacturing, these developments exact led to reclineructuring of the manufacturing and logistics corpse to provide corrective and time-responsive supply bonds, untested harvest-tide development processes and support functions. The results of this on-going restructuring fool important implications for worldwideization of operations.The course is recommended for those interested in consulting or operations c atomic number 18ers, as head as students with an engineering telescope who wish to develop a better(p) understanding of managing the manufacturing process. Prerequisites and Follow-on Courses The course builds on OPIM 631 and 632, which ar prerequisites. Other students must pick out consent of the instructor to enroll . The course is a helpful precursor for OP1M 657, OPIM 658 and OPIM 762. Permission of the instructor is needed to enroll under SYS 522.For either of these, raw material courses in probability and statistics must consider been completed prior to enrollment. Grading Your bulls eye for this course depart be establish on written exercises (10%), two fortune write-ups (20%), discriminate participation (30%), and a choke exam (40%). Written exercises You may work at in groups to prep ar the exercises, but each person must turn in his or her own hard imitate ( non electronically, delight) set of answers. Late exercises depart non be accepted. Date 1 Nov 24thTopic prop Control charts Date 2 fall 1st Topic 6-sigma shimmy Write-upsIn groups of 3 or 4 community (or individually if you prefer), please prepare a theatrical role write up (maximum of 4 pages, including exhibits) for two causal agents that interest you and turn in a hard copy to me at the start of the crystal ise in which we mete out that case. entertain indicate the contribution charter by each individual. Late write-ups get out NOT be accepted. Final examination The final exam will be a compact home case. dilate TBA. Text and Materials for the Course T present is no required text for the course. Most of the readings will be implant in the Course Bulkpack, which will be distributed by means of Wharton Reprographics.The course assignments, lecture nones and various supporting materials ignore be obtained from the WebCafe. Detailed Course abstraction Part I The Concept of trading operations dodge divide 1. Wednesday kinfolk 8 (Introduction to Operations Strategy) This course introduces a roughhewn framework for the bases for operations administration iv competitive priorities of wrong, bore, tractability, and delivery. In the first severalize, we consider the fundamental hesitations What is operations scheme? provide an organization create a competitive advantag e through its all overlapion processes?For class, please read the succeeding(a) articles and be active to establish in class Skinner, W. 1974. The cogitate grinder. Harvard vocation fall over May June 52(3)113. Hayes, R. H. and D. M. Upton. 1998. Operations- base outline. atomic number 20 Management Review 40(4)8-25. categorise 2. Monday family 13 (A more detailed emotional state at two companies diverse operations strategies within the alike(p) manufacturing) infer Ameri bear connectedness (A), HBS case 9-693-035. end scheme Ameri peck Connector Company and DJC partnership are two companies in the galvanising connector trade which have chosen different competitive and direct strategies.The case focuses on how Ameri stern Connector should move to the potential threat by DJCs entry into the U. S. market. assignment entertain bed to class fain to establish the pastime questions 1. How serious is the threat of DJC to American Connector Company? 2. How big are the damage fights among DJCs plant and ACCs Sunnyvale plant? cypher both DJCs cognitive process in Kawasaki and its potential in the United States. 3. What accounts for these differences? a. How a with child(p) deal is due to the slumping learn in the U. S. (Hint Look at depreciation) b.How a good deal of the difference is inherent in the bearing the two companies compete? (Hint fuel you nigh graph their two competitive positions (x-axis flexibility, y-axis price charged) c. How much is strictly due to differences in the efficiency of the operations? (Hint consider materials, churn, and stock-still cost) 4. What should American Connectors oversight at the Sunnyvale plant do? manakin 3. Wednesday phratry 15 (Three views of operations strategy Tradeoffs, Cumulative capability, Integrative) skim the sideline articles Porter, M. E. 1996. What is Strategy? Harvard Business Review (Nov-Dec 1996)61-78. Hayes, R. and G. Pisano. 1996. Manufacturing Strategy At the Intersection of Two Paradigm Shifts. take and Operations Management 5(1)25-41. engagement revel comply to class nimble to dissertate the pursuance questions 1. What is the main point do by Porter, 1996? Do you agree with him? Is at that place anything in his article you disagree with? 2. evict you reconcile the conflicting views verbalized in Porters 1996 article with those expressed in Hayes and Pisano, 1996? kin 4. Monday September 20 (Tradeoffs The value of focus) Read quick Rewards at souwest Airlines. HBS type panorama 9-602-065 coveringic epitome southwest Airlines had been consistently profit subject every year for 28 years, but with firms stinger back on travel and airlines more and more trying to cut costs and inveigle customers a stylus from competitors, it superpower re speak out its classless strategy. For example, stalk fliers wanted rules miscellanead so they could collect preferential treatment, much(prenominal) as universe guaran teed first boarding regardless of the time they arrived at the airport, and being able to change tickets without paying upgrade fees. The case considers the implications that changing these rules might have on southwestward Airlines operational strategy.Assignment enrapture prepare the spare-time activity questions for case parole. 1. What is Southwest Airlines value proposition? What are Southwests sources of competitive advantage? 2. Consider the economics of the airline persistence. From Exhibit 2 and Exhibits 9-15, what do you see as tearaway(a) the difference in monetary performance across airlines? How important are normal fliers to airline performance? 3. From your experience, how does Southwests service philosophy compare to the rest of the major players in the airline industry? What are the impediments to its successful execution? survey QUESTIONS enthrall answer the avocation questions on the WebCafe poll. 1. Should Southwest save a few low-numbered boarding cards for its virtually frequent fliers? Thought questions for class interchange What is the depict motivation for your opinion? What are the tradeoffs that Southwest must consider in do this finality? 2. Should Southwest have its close to frequent fliers who have missed their flights to take the neighboring available flight with an set down seat or should these customers have to remain for the next available flight with an clear seat within the same amount class? Thought question for class reasonionWhat drives your decision? section 5. Wednesday September 22 (Cumulative view of developing operating capabilities) Read Micom caribe (A) HBS gratuityic 9-692-002 model epitome Micom Caribe examines both fibre improvement and the development of flexibility in a satellite manufacturing unit based in Puerto Rico. This change has been brought to the highest degree through commitment of the workforce and the adoption of simple, just effective harvest-homeion technolo gies. The aim of the case is to explore the sources of Caribes improvement. Assignment raise the pastime questions for class questionion of the Micom Caribe Case 1.What accounted for the case wane in 1987? To what extent was the geographical mess of manufacturing relevant, and what would you have done differently, as MCC, to exclude the crisis? why were people at MCC ineffectual to see your upshot? 2. What were the most important locomote taken to reconfigure MCCs Puerto Rican manufacturing operation and what capabilities did each build? 3. What specific capabilities does Caribe right off have, and, as Moshetti, how would you develop MCCs manufacturing strategy? stupefy apart 6. Monday September 27 (Using capabilities to enable entry into new markets) Case Australian Paper Manufacturers (A) HBS 9-691-041Case lineation Australian Paper Manufacturers (APM) dominated the domestic root packaging market in a long-standing industry relationship that divided the Australian pap er market neatly and cordially among the countrys terzetto main paper companies. In 1987, APM invaded the fine paper market, once the bushel domain of the Paper Company of Australia (PCA). obsessed by its environmental record, PCA initially found itself paralyzed, unable to modernize and expand contentedness to repel its new rival. By celestial latitude 1991, mass McRae, APMs group everyday manager, was considering his options, like a shot that APM had established a reputation for quality and nvironmental sensitivity in the fine papers market. Assignment Please behave to class prompt to discuss the interest questions 1. What opportunities and risks did Ken McRae face as he contemplated pickings APM into the fine papers market? Be specific with respect to technological, operations, and capital enthronisation (as well as new(prenominal)wise considerations). 2. As Ken McRae, what technology and operations strategy options are available? Which do you come back he ought to pursue? Why? classify 7. Wednesday September 29 (Summary discussion) Read the attach toing articles in preparation for class discussion Wheelwright, S. C. and K. B.Clark. 2003. Creating Project Plans to focus return development. Harvard Business Review September 2-15. Thomke, S. and D. Reinertsen. 1998. Agile product development Managing development flexibility in uncertain environments. California Management Review 41(1) 8-30. Part II Creating and Capturing Value descriptor 8. Monday October 4 (Managing invigorated Product Development) Case Weve got rhythm Medtronics bay windows cardiac pacemaker work. HBS Case 9-698-004 Case compendium Medtronics manufactures implantable cardiac pacemakers. The caller-outs market care has eroded from about 70% in the early seventies to under 30% in 1986.The decline stems from the way the federations executives managed the process of specify and developing new products. The case outlines the steps the caller-up took to try to reb uild its product development capabilities and market share. Assignment Please get along with to class prepared to discuss the undermentioned questions 1. What are the reasons behind why Medtronic nearly lost its position as market leader in the 1970s and 1980s? 2. Which of the improvements in the new product development process that the Medtronic counsel squad implemented strike you as having been specially crucial to turning the company round? . What do the concepts product line architecture and train schedule mean in the pacemaker personal credit line? What are the costs and benefits of having implemented these concepts as the Medtronic management team up has done? What elements of Medtronics approach could be applied in very different business settings? 4. Evaluate the nature of elder management involvement in Medtronics death penalty of its product development placement. Which elements of the system does senior management need to be intimately involved in, and which c an it ascribe or pay less circumspection to? Class 9. Wednesday October 6 (Managing Uncertainty)Case Delamere Vineyard HBS 9-698-051 Case Synopsis Delamere Vineyard is a small, unified wine making business in Tasmania. Richard Richardson, Delameres winemaker and owner, confronts a choice among three potential quality improvement fuddles, the merits about which customers and industry experts offer conflicting advice. Assignment Please coiffure to class prepared to discuss the pursuance questions 1. What are Delameres strengths and weaknesses? What does it deliver to customers that other vineyards do not? What does it take to be outstanding in the wine business? 2. What types of uncertainty does Richardson face? . What does quality mean in winemaking? 4. What principle and concepts should one apply to amend a production system such as winemaking? 5. What should Richardson do? How will his experience and personality shape his decision? Class 10. Monday October 11 (Managing Compl exity) Case Ellis Manufacturing. HBS Case 9-682-103 Case Synopsis Ellis, a direct producer of small kitchen appliances has seen its market share steadily eroding over the last few years, and internally has experienced change magnitude conflict among sales and production groups over control condition of production for local markets.James Cassals, the top operations executive at Ellis has been asked to trim down the multiplant network. Assignment Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions 1. What problems does EMC face? What are the causes of these problems? 2. What is the cost of producing an average mixer at the Barnstable plant? At Georgetown? At Flower Springs? What insights do these calculations provide as to how product lines should be assigned to plants? 3. How should EMCs multiplant network be organized? Class 11. Wednesday October 13 (Capturing Value Scalability) Read mellisonant Connections HBS Case 5-600-108Case Synopsis impudent Connections i s a start-up food manufacturing business that hopes to exploit the maturation enthusiasm of Americans for home meal transpositions, prepared food purchased in supermarkets and eaten in the home. A startup invigorated Connections could manage operations on an order-by-order foothold, as it grows the company finds it needs more formalized systems. But which system should they adopt? Assignment Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions 1. What are the most important operating and strategic issues facing Fresh Connections? (Hint decide to estimate how many new products are developed each month. 2. Which segment(s) of the prepared foods business do you think is most benignant for Fresh Connections? 3. What choices must Fresh Connections make in developing an operations strategy? What is the effect of complexity on Fresh Connections operations? (Hint Try to estimate the cost of having to change over amongst every batch as opposed to being able to make long ru ns of the same product, which wouldnt require complete clean-outs between batches. ) 4. How will growth impact Fresh Connections operations? 5. What capabilities should Fresh Connections emphasize in its strategy? Class 12.Monday October 18 (Value detain versus Value creation) Case McDonalds Corporation (Abridged) HBS Case 9-603-401 Case Synopsis McDonalds is rightly seen as one of the great growth stories in American business history. The company offered outstanding consistency, service speed, and price to its customers. For almost half a century, the form seemed unbeatable. But in the 1990s growth had stalled. new-fangled competitors entered the fast-food industry, and were apparently better able than McDonalds to react to shifting customer preference. mint McDonalds meet this challenge while keeping its operating system intact?Assignment Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions 1. What characteristics of McDonalds production system have been most impor tant in expression its record of success and growth in the industry? 2. What are the downsides of their operating strategy? (i. e. what things does McDonalds NOT do well) 3. What are the primary new challenges McDonalds faces at the start of the 21st century? 4. How would you adapt the system to accommodate these changes in the U. S.? 5. How can McDonalds lay the basis for rising growth? Class 13. Wednesday October 20 (Summary discussion)Read the following papers enterprise Resource supplying (ERP), HBS Technical stigmatise 9-699-020. T. H. Davenport, Putting the Enterprise into the Enterprise System, Harvard Business Review, July-August 1998 Assignment For a company of your choice, think through the costs, benefits and risks of implementing an ERP-based solution to providing the transactions-based infrastructure for materials management, manufacturing and distribution in the company. Monday October 25 Break Part trinity Managing the operations supply chain Class 14. Wednesd ay October 27 (Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning, ERP) Read cisco Systems Implementing ERP. HBS Case 9-699-022 Case Synopsis Upon arriving at cisco in 1993, the Chief discipline Officer, Pete Solvik, recognized that the manufacturing systems that were unstable and needed replacement Although initially hoped to replace the suite of legacy systems at a slower, more turn over rate, the instability of the companys systems were an obstacle to sustaining the rapid growth of the company. Thus, Pete and his fellow managers acutely attacked the problem with an ERP approach. Assignment Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions 1.At the start of the case, lake herrings information systems are failing, yet no one steps forward to lead the motion to replace them. Why is this? Why were no managers eager to take on this fox? 2. cisco was highly successful with its enterprise resource planning (ERP) effort. What accounts for this success? What were the most imp ortant things that Cisco did correctly? 3. Did Cisco do anything wrong on this project? If so, what? 4. We often hear that senior management commitment is important for projects like Ciscos ERP carrying out, but senior management commitment to do what?What can top managers do to maximize chances for success here? 5. Cisco went live with ERP in a big bang fashion, which is inherently risky. How did Cisco mitigate this risk? 6. Was Cisco keen or lucky with its ERP implementation? Class 15. Monday November 1 ( return cosmic string Management and Design) The next two sessions provide a general introduction to and review of the following strategies busy in designing supply chains for flexibility, time and cost performance Read H. Lee, V. Padmanabhan, S. Whang, The Bullwhip event in Supply bondage. Sloan Management Review, Spring 1997, pp. 93 102. David Simchi-Levi, Philip Kaminsky and Edith Simchi-Levi, Supply Chain Integration, Chapter 5 in Designing & Managing the Supply Chain, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, 2003, pp. pp. 119-142. Assignment Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions 1. What is the Bullwhip or Whiplash Effect in industries, can you give some additional examples other than those cited in the Lee et al. paper? fit in to Lee et al. , what are the causes of the Bullwhip Effect? Do you agree or disagree? Can you think of additional causes other than those discussed in the paper? . Why information strain brings inefficiencies in Supply Chains? What do you think of the value of information share? What are the benefits of supply chain coordination? Can you give us some angelical examples from reality? How can we mitigate the Bullwhip Effect? What are additional mechanisms you think can be used for Supply Chain Coordination? 3. Based on the previous question (2), how can ERP and Business Intelligence applied science be used to develop an electronic supply chain? 4. What are the emerge business opportunities f or B2B marketplaces (see Lee 2001, Simchi-Levi et al. 2003)? Class 16. Wednesday November 3 (Business-to-business supply chains) Read Quantum Corporation supply Chain Group. HBS Case 9-601-099 Assignment Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions 1. What are the biggest challenges facing HDDO? How can Information Technology help with these? 2. Why is time so critical in this business? What efforts should the eSupplyChain group advocate to allow Quantum to reduce the lead-time for its products? 3. How should the eSupplyChain group best get its mission within Quantums organisational structure? 4.How should Quantum and HDDO use the new eHITEX pond? If we think of the adoption of eHitex by sophisticated companies as a kind of implementation process, what kinds of pitfalls with this implementation face? 5. The new IT-enabled product allocation process, which is exposit on p. 12 of the case, has the potential to be an improvement over the current one. What diffi culties, if any, do you think on that point will be in mournful to the new process? What organisational groups might not be enthusiastic about moving to the new process? 6. How much financial benefit will a 1-day TOO reduction realize for HDDG?Class 17. Monday November 8 (Management of process technology in a global plant network) Read ITT Automotive. HBS Case 9-601-099 Assignment Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions 1. What are the implications for both cost and flexibility of automation? Do you agree with the presumption made by one of the managers in the case If you automate, you stagnate? 2. What are your testimonys regarding the issue of standardizing process technology across all plants? Are there motives behind this proposal, other than those stated in the case? 3.As Juergen Geissinger, how would you go about implementing your tribute? How would you overcome resistence from the plants? As Steve Dickerson, the plant manager at Asheville, mar riage Carolina, what line of reasoning would you use to incite senior management that full automation is the less desirable alternate? 4. As Klaus Lederer, what option would you like to see engage? How do various options fit into the broader collective strategy of ITT Automotive? Class 18. Wednesday November 10 (Vertical integration) Read Nucleon, Inc. HBS Case 9-692-041 Case Synopsis Nucleon is a five-year old biotechnology company whose first harmaceutical product, CRP-1, is almost ready to be tested in human beings. The company has center entirely on R&D since its founding and thus has no manufacturing capabilities of its own. It must decide whether or not to build a small- scale master copy plant to manufacture CRP-1 for early phases of clinical trials. Assignment Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions 1. What are your recommendations regarding the manufacturing of CRP-1 for Phase I and Phase II clinical trials? What are your recommendations rega rding manufacturing for Phase III clinical trials and commercialization? . How would you justify your recommendation to would-be investors in the company? 3. What is your recommendation regarding Nucleons long-term manufacturing strategy? What should this company look like in 10 years (e. g. an R&D boutique, an R&D boutique with pilot scale manufacturing capabilities, or an integrated manufacturing enterprise)? Class 19. Monday November 15 (Outsourcing strategies) Read David Simchi-Levi, Philip Kaminsky and Edith Simchi-Levi, Procurement and Outsourcing Strategies, Chapter 7 in Designing & Managing the Supply Chain, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, 2003, pp. p. 119-142. Solectron. Stanford Case GS-24 Assignment Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions 1. Why did IBM decide to use a contract manufacturer? Do you think there were any risks associated with their decision? 2. What strengths did Solectron have that made it an appropriate contract manufa cturer for IBM? 3. What made Solectron a successful contract manufacturer in general? Note Contract manufacturing and outsourcing have become springy ingredients of both high-tech sectors (e. g. aircraft manufacturing and electronics) as well as medium- and low-tech manufacturing, including that in uphill economies. Use the reading and the Case discussion to think through the basic ingredients (internal and external) for a company to survive and prosper apply outsourcing and off-shoring. Class 20. Wednesday November 17 (Managing a global network of suppliers) Case Li & Fung (Trading) Ltd. HBS 5-396-386 Case Synopsis Li & Fung is one of the largest trading companies specializing in low-cost, labor-intensive consumer goods from suppliers throughout eastern Asia.Its main work is to connect Asian factories with U. S. and European retailers and manufacturers who have their own designs for product and need them turned into physical product. The case poses two decisions for students a Li & Fung partition manager must decide which supplier can best exceedle a particular customer order and the Managing director must determine whether or not to restructure all of the soft goods (textile products) fragments in a way that might dramatically change its service to its customers. Assignment Please come to class prepared to discuss the following questions 1.How does Li & Fung create value for its customers and suppliers? How do international differences in labor costs play into this value? 2. Should Charles Ho (Li & Fungs division manager) send Classiques order to Qingdao, China, or the Philippines? If he sends the order to China, should he ask the HV division to deal it? If he sends it to China and has his own supply supervise it, how many visits should they make to the factorytwo, three, or four? Consider the division managers personal interests, as well as those of the customer and of Li & Fung. 3.Assess Li & Fungs internal structure, including its organizationa l structure and the ways in which it motivates its employees. How does it reorient employees interests with both customer satisfaction and Li & Fungs financial performance? 4. Should William Fung follow Danny Laus recommendation to extend the restructuring look into to all soft goods divisions? 5. How do business-to-business operate differ from business-to-individual consumer services? Part IV Managing Internal Processes Class 21. Monday November 22 (Introduction to Time Based Manufacturing) Read Hopp, W. J. and M. L. Spearman. 2004. To pull or not to pull What is the question? Manufacturing and assistance Operations Management 6(2)133-48. Spear, S. and H. K. Bowen. 1999. Decoding the deoxyribonucleic acid of the Toyota Production System. Harvard Business Review 77(5)96-106. Class 22. Wednesday November 24 (Attribute Control Charts) Read the following pages out of Gitlow et al, Quality Management, 2005. Skim Chapter 6, pages 169, clxx Chapter 7, pages 184-223. Skim Chapt er 8, pages 254-260 page 293. Assignment Prepare and turn in answers to the problems 7. and 7. 25. Prepare the following questions for class discussion 1. What is the difference between attribute and variable control charts? When would one use one versus the other? 2. What is the difference between n, np, c, and u charts? When would one use one versus the others? 3. What, if anything, are the downsides of using control charts? What are their limitations? Can you think of alternative methods for controlling systems and improving processes? Class 23. Monday November 29 (Application of p-charts ) Read Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung.HBS Case 9-696-084 Case Synopsis Deutsche (DAV) is one of Europes largest damages companies. To defend itself and to regain its traditional leadership position, DAV has begun a new quality initiative, focused primarily on some cay processes it believed could be dramatically improved. Assignment Please come to class prepared to discuss the following quest ions 1. Why is DAV using SPC? What are the primary challenges in applying Statistical Process Control to a service industry compared with manufacturing? 2.If you were to explain the concept of a p-chart to a group of bank tellers without a accentuate in SPC, in about 30 minutes, how would you do it? 3. How large should each standard be for the experiment Schoss and Kluck describe on page 7? 4. The first 12 weeks of the data in Exhibit 4 represent the diagnostic period for the insurance Extension Group. What are the 3-sigma control limits for the process? In which of the subsequent weeks is the process out of control (if any)? 5. Develop specific implementation plans for solving the problems facing Annette Kluck that are described on page 9 of the case. . How would you now begin improving the performance of the operation? Class 24. Wednesday December 1 (6-sigma improvement programs ) Please read Chapter 10 in Evans, James R. and William M. Lindsay. 2005. The management and control of quality. sixth edition. Thomson South-western, Mason, Ohio. Pages 479-513. Dow, D. , D. Samson, and S. Ford. Exploding the myth do all quality management practices contribute to superior quality performance? Production and Operations Management, 8(1), p 1-27. Please prepare the following questions to hand in at the start of class 1.What is a defect? Explain how to enter defects per million opportunities (dpmo). 2. Explain the theoretical basis for six Sigma quality. 3. Problem 1 on page 505. 4. Problem 3 on page 505. Please be prepared to discuss discussion question 1 on page 504. sise-sigma has been criticized because a) The results often dont have any broad impact on company financial statements. (90% of the companies that implement six-sigma dont end up with higher stock values. ) b) whole early adopters can benefit c) Six Sigma focuses on defects, which are hard to objectively determine or service businesses d) Six Sigma cant guarantee that your product will have a market. Class 25. Monday December 6 (Transfer of learning) Read Pisano, G. P. , R. Bohmer, and A. C. Edmondson. 2001. organizational Differences in Rates of training cause from the Adoption of Minimally Invasive cardiac Surgery. Management Science 47(6)752. M. A. Lapre and Luk N. Van Wassenhove, Learning Across Lines The Secret to More efficacious Factories, Harvard Business Review, October, 2002, pp. 107-113. Class 26. Wednesday December 8 (Course Summary) Final Examination Take plate Case Date TBA